VOCAB - unit 6 pt. 2

shoot

blockbusting

rapid change in the racial composition of residential blocks in American cities that occurs when real estate agents and others stir up fears of neighborhood decline after encouraging people of color to move to previously white neighborhoods. in the resulting out migration, real estate agents profit through the turnover of the property.

boomburbs

a large rapidly growing city that remains essentially suburban in character even as it reaches populations more typical of urban core cites.

disamenity zones/sectors

The very poorest parts of cities that in extreme cases are not connected to regular city services and are controlled by gangs and drug lords

de facto segregation

Racial segregation that happens by fact rather than by legal requirement (not imposed by law)

decentralization

the tendency of people or businesses and industry to locate outside the central city

exurbs/exurbanization

small communities lying beyond the suburbs of a city

exurbanite

Person who left the inner city and moved to outlying suburban and rural areas

favelas

a very poor and crowded area of a city in Brazil; slum area

ghettoization

A process occurring in many inner cities in which they become dilapidated centers of poverty as affluent whites move out to the suburbs and immigrants and people of color vie for scarce jobs and resources.

inner city decay/urban decay

Those parts of large urban areas that lose significant portions of their populations as a result of change in industry or migration to suburbs. Because of these changes, the inner city loses its tax base and becomes a center of poverty.

leap frog development

development that occurs well beyond the limits of the current urbanized area, usually to take advantage of less expensive land.

Megacities

Cities, mostly characteristic of the developing world, where high population growth and migration have caused them to explode in population since World War II. are plagued by chaotic and unplanned growth, terrible pollution, and widespread poverty.

megalopolis

Several metropolitan areas that were originally separate but have joined together to form a large sprawling urban complex

metacities

was introduced by the United Nations to capture the increasing size of the largest urban aggregations on the planet. Previously, the term had been the largest category of city, referring to any urban area comprising more than 20 million people.

new urbanism

Counter to Urban sprawl. Development, urban revitalization, and suburban reforms that create walkable neighborhoods that promote a sense of community and a sense of place.

node

Geographical centers of activity.

segregation

The process that results from suburbanization when affluent individuals leave the city center for homogenous suburban neighborhoods. This process isolates those individuals who cannot afford to consider relocating to suburban neighborhoods and must remain in certain pockets of the central city.

slow-growth cities

urban communities where the planners have put into place smart growth initiatives to decrease the rate at which the city grows horizontally to avoid the adverse effects of sprawl.

suburban sprawl

Development of new housing sites at relatively low density and at locations that are not contiguous to the existing built-up area.

transportation oriented development

A mixed-use residential and commercial area designed to maximize access to public transport

urban growth boundary

Geographical boundaries placed around a city to limit suburban growth within that city.

walkability

is a measure of how friendly an area is to walking. .

world city

Centers of economic, culture and political activity that are strongly interconnected and together control the global systems of finance and commerce.

zones of abandonment

areas that have been deserted in a city for economic or environmental reasons.

zoning practices

Legal restrictions on land use that determine what types of building and economic activities can take place in certain areas. In the US, areas are mostly commonly divided into separate zones of residential, retail, or industrial use.

african city model

Africa has the world's lowest levels of urbanization yet the most fastest growing cities. African cities have a high range of diversity so formulating a model is difficult. Often three CBDs: a remnant of the colonial CBD, an informal and sometimes periodic market zone, and a transitional business center where commerce is conducted from curbside, stalls, or storefronts. Vertical development occurs in the colonial CBD, the traditional business center consists of one-story buildings, and the mark zone tends to be informal, yet still important. The neighborhoods are ethnic and mixed, often next to a mining and manufacturing zone. All of that is then ringed around by a zone characterized by squatter settlements and informal satellite township

latin American city model

Cities in Latin America that owe much of their structure to colonialism, the rapid rise of industrialization and continual rapid increases in population. Similar to other colonial cities, they also demonstrate distinctive sectors of industrial or residential development radiating out from the CBD, where most industrial and financial activity occurs.

primate city

A country’s leading city, with a population that is disproportionately greater than other urban areas within the same country.

southeast Asian city model

McGee model. Developed by T.G McGee. The focal point of the city is the colonial port zone combined with the large commercial district that surrounds it. McGee found no formal CBD but found separate clusters of elements of the CBD surrounding the port zone: the government zone, the Western commercial zone, the alien commercial zone, and the mixed land-use zone with misc. economic activities.

annexation

the process of a city or state legally adding new land to its territory.

central business district

It’s the main commercial and business center of a city.

census tracts

small, relatively permanent subdivisions of a city or county used by the government to collect and analyze population data.

central city

the main city in a metropolitan area — the largest and most important one around which suburbs and smaller towns are built.

concentric zone model

a model that explains how cities grow outward in rings from the center.

council of government

a cooperative group of neighboring cities, towns, and counties that work together on regional issues.

density gradient

the change in population density as you move from one place to another, usually from the center of a city outward.

edge cities

large centers of business, shopping, and entertainment located on the edges of a city, usually in the suburbs.

filtering

the process where housing passes from higher-income people to lower-income people as it ages and declines in value.

peripheral model of cities

a model showing a city with multiple centers (edge cities) spread out around a main city, connected by highways.

gentrification

the process where wealthier people move into a low-income urban neighborhood, leading to renovation, rising rents, and displacement of original residents.

greenbelts

areas of open land (parks, forests, farmland) placed around a city where development is restricted or limited.

metropolitan statistical area

is a city and its surrounding communities that are socially and economically connected, especially through commuting.

micropolitan statistical area

is a small urban area with a core city of 10,000–49,999 people plus surrounding communities that are economically linked to it.

multiple nuclei model

a city model that explains urban growth as having several centers (nuclei) instead of just one CBD, where different activities like business, industry, and housing develop around their own hubs.

galactic city model

describes a city where multiple suburban business centers (edge cities) surround a weak central city, all connected by highways and car-dependent development.

public housing

is housing provided by the government at low cost for people with low incomes, often in the form of apartment complexes or housing projects.

public transit

is a system of transportation available to the public, such as buses, subways, and trains, that helps people move around a city without using private cars.

redlining

is the discriminatory practice where banks and the government denied loans or services to people living in certain neighborhoods, often based on race or ethnicity.

sector model

a city model by Homer Hoyt that explains urban land use as a series of wedge-shaped sectors radiating out from the CBD along transportation routes.

smart growth

is an urban planning approach that encourages compact, efficient, and sustainable city development by limiting urban sprawl and promoting mixed land use, public transit, and walkable communities.

social area analysis

is a method used to divide a city into regions based on social characteristics like income, education, and occupation to understand patterns of residential areas.

squatter settlements

are informal, unplanned communities where people build housing on land they do not legally own, often without basic services like clean water, electricity, or sanitation.

suburban segregation

is the separation of people in suburban areas based on factors like income, race, or ethnicity, leading to uneven access to housing, schools, and resources.

urban renewal

is the process where a city redevelops older or declining areas by demolishing buildings, rebuilding infrastructure, and attracting new investment, often displacing existing residents.

urban sprawl

is the uncontrolled expansion of a city into surrounding rural areas, creating low-density, car-dependent development spread far from the city center.

zoning ordinance

a law that divides a city into zones to control how land can be used, such as for residential, commercial, or industrial purposes.