Chapter 26 The Urinary System Study Guide

Flashcards covering key concepts from the urinary system lecture.

Organs of the urinary system

Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra.

Kidneys

Produce urine.

Ureters

Transport urine to urinary bladder.

Urinary bladder

Temporarily stores urine prior to urination.

Urethra

Conducts urine to exterior; also transports semen in males.

Medical term for urination

Micturition.

Excretion

Removal of metabolic wastes from bodily fluids.

Elimination

Discharge of wastes from the body.

Position of kidneys

Retroperitoneally in the superior lumbar region.

Endocrine gland on top of each kidney

Adrenal gland.

Floating kidney

Condition where kidney’s suspensory fibers break or become detached.

Hilum

Prominent medial indentation in the kidney for blood vessel entry and exit.

Outer region of kidney

Renal Cortex.

Inner region of kidney with renal pyramids

Renal Medulla.

Vessels delivering blood to nephrons

Afferent arterioles.

Functional units of the kidneys

Nephrons.

Cup-shaped chamber of renal corpuscle

Glomerular capsule (Bowman's capsule).

Glomerulus

A network of about 50 intertwined capillaries in the renal corpuscle.

Arteriole carrying blood out of glomerulus

Efferent arteriole.

Type of capillaries in glomerulus

Fenestrated capillaries.

Part of nephron where filtration occurs

Renal corpuscle.

Filtrate

Essentially protein-free solution produced during filtration.

Glomerulonephritis

Inflammation of the glomeruli that impairs kidney filtration.

Bacteria associated with glomerulonephritis

Streptococcus bacteria.

Reabsorption

Removal of water and useful solutes from filtrate back into blood.

Secretion

Moves waste and extra substances from blood into filtrate.

Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) function

Reabsorption of critical ions.

Distal convoluted tubule (DCT) function

Reabsorb water and selected ions; active secretion of undesirable substances.

Macula densa receptors

Act like chemoreceptors or baroreceptors.

Juxtaglomerular cells’ function

Monitor blood pressure in the afferent arteriole.

Hormone secreted by juxtaglomerular cells

Renin.

Intercalated cells function

Regulation of acid-base balance of blood.

Cortical nephrons location

Renal cortex.

Juxtamedullary nephrons location

Renal medulla.

Capillaries parallel to juxtamedullary nephron loop

Vasa recta.

Primary function of descending limb of nephron loop

Reabsorption of water from tubular fluid.

Wastes produced during metabolism

Urea, creatinine, uric acid.

Processes that form urine in the kidney

Filtration, reabsorption, secretion.

Transport mechanisms for reabsorption

Facilitated diffusion, active transport.

Process for reabsorption of water

Osmosis.

Transport of solutes from peritubular fluid

Secretion.

Nutrients not found in urine from healthy adults

Carbohydrates, ketone bodies, lipids, amino acids.

Parts of filtration membrane

Fenestrated epithelium, basement membrane, foot processes of podocytes.

Reason glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP) is greater

Unique structure and function of the glomerulus.

Effect of equal GHP and systemic capillary pressure

Glomerular filtration process would be impaired.

Cause of capsular hydrostatic pressure

Resistance to flow along the nephron.

Net hydrostatic pressure (NHP) definition

Difference between glomerular hydrostatic pressure and capsular hydrostatic pressure.

Organic molecule responsible for blood colloid osmotic pressure

Plasma proteins.

Net filtration pressure (NFP) definition

Balance between forces pushing fluid out of capillaries and drawing it back in.

Glomerular filtration rate definition

Amount of filtrate produced by kidneys each minute.

Division maintaining autonomic regulation of filtration

Sympathetic division.

Hormonal regulation of blood volume and pressure

Regulated by hormones of RAAS and natriuretic peptides.

Plasma concentration for renal threshold

At which a specific substance appears in urine.

Osmolarity definition

Total number of solute particles in a liter of a solution.

Part of renal tubule reabsorbing 60-70% of filtrate volume

Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT).

Limb of nephron loop impermeable to water

Ascending limb.

Part of nephron responsible for active secretion

Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT).

Ions controlling pH of body fluids in collecting system

Hydrogen, bicarbonate.

Countercurrent multiplication definition

Mechanism to regulate urine volume and concentration.

Hormone for water reabsorption in DCT

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

Urinalysis definition

Diagnostic test for chemical and physical analysis of urine.

Test for kidney function assessment

Creatinine clearance test.

BUN test measures

Amount of urea in blood (Blood Urea Nitrogen).

Pyelogram definition

Image of urinary system after radiopaque dye injection.

Organ directly emptied by urine from kidneys

Ureters.

Function of urinary bladder

Temporary storage of urine.

Function of rugae in urinary bladder

Folds allowing expansion.

Organ transporting urine out of body

Urethra.

Incontinence definition

Inability to control urination voluntarily.

Common name for renal calculi

Kidney stones.

Nephrolithiasis definition

Formation of calculi.

Overall function of urinary system

Involved in waste excretion.