Exam 1 Content Gross Anatomy

Abduction

Moving a part of the body away from the midsagittal plane.

Adduction

Moving a part of the body toward the midsagittal plane.

Amphiarthrosis

Limited movement joint.

Anatomical position

A person with body erect, feet together, head, eyes and toes directed forward, upper limbs by the side and held so that the palms of the hands face forward.

Anterior/Ventral

Front.

Axial plane

Synonym of horizontal section/plane.

Bilateral

On both sides of the body.

Cartilaginous joint

Bones connected by cartilage; no proper cavity.

Caudal

Inferior end (toward the tail end).

Contralateral

On opposite side of body.

Coronal/Frontal plane

Divides the body at 90 degrees from the median, sagittal and horizontal planes; partitions the body into front and back parts.

Cranial

Superior end/head end.

Deep

Away from surface.

Deep fascia

Striated/Skeletal muscle ensheathed by a layer of dense irregular connective tissue.

Diarthrosis

Freely mobile joint.

Distal

Away from the origin.

Eversion

Eversion of the foot is lateral rotation of the sole of the foot.

Extension

Increase in the angle of a joint.

Fibrous joint

Bones connected by fibrous connective tissue; no proper cavity.

Flexion

Reduction in the angle of a joint.

Horizontal/Transverse plane

Divides the body from side to side into top and bottom parts.

Inferior

Down/below.

Inversion

Inversion of the foot is medial rotation of the sole of the foot.

Ipsilateral

On same side of body.

Joint classification

All joints can be classified in two ways: structural classification and functional classification.

Lateral

Away from the midline.

Medial

Close to the midline.

Median (midsagittal) plane

Cuts through the midline and divides the body into equal right and left sides.

Posterior/Dorsal

Back.

Pronation

Medial rotation of the forearm.

Proximal

Close to the origin.

Rostral

At or near the front end (toward the beak/mouth).

Rotation

Movement of a body part around a superior-inferior axis.

Sagittal plane

Divides body into right and left parts.

Skin

Epidermis and dermis.

Somatic structures

Made of skeletal, voluntary muscle; body wall and structures that are derived from the body wall (limbs).

Subcutaneous layer

A layer of loose, irregular connective tissue.

Superficial

At or close to the surface.

Superior

Up/above.

Supination

Lateral rotation of the forearm.

Synarthrosis

Immobile joint.

Synovial joint

Features space between bones that is encapsulated and filled with fluid; articular surfaces are covered in cartilage; stabilized by ligaments.

Unilateral

On one side of the body.

Visceral structures

Include smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands; all internal organs of the body.