7.6 The Modern Theory of Evolution
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38 Terms
Radioisotope
An atom with an unstable nucleus that is capable of undergoing radioactive decay.
Modern evolutionary synthesis
The modern theory of evolution that takes into account all branches of biology.
Gene pool
All alleles in a species/population.
Plate tectonics
The scientific theory that describes the large-scale movements and features of Earth’s crust.
Pseudogene
A vestigial gene that no longer codes for a functioning protein, remains of a gene that once served a useful function.
Evolution
Changes in a species’ gene pool over time.
Mutations
Changes in DNA sequence, creating new traits.
Duplication mutations
Extra gene copies may evolve new functions.
Homologous genes
Inherited from common ancestors; reveal species’ relatedness.
Half-life
The time for 50% of a parent isotope to decay.
Fossil records
Evidence provided by layers of fossils that show the progression of evolutionary changes over time.
Radiometric dating
Uses radioisotopes to date rocks and fossils.
Modern evolutionary synthesis
Combines Darwin’s natural selection with modern genetics.
Neutral mutations
Mutations that have no effect and occur in non-coding DNA.
Beneficial mutations
Mutations that result in advantageous traits selected for by the environment.
Harmful mutations
Mutations that decrease fitness and are selected against.
Fossil evidence
Fossils confirm evolutionary patterns seen in various species.
Biogeography
The distribution of species and ecosystems across geographic space and through geological time.
Molecular genetics
A field that strengthens evidence for shared ancestry and new adaptations.
Radioisotope
An atom with an unstable nucleus that is capable of undergoing radioactive decay.
Modern evolutionary synthesis
The modern theory of evolution that takes into account all branches of biology.
Gene pool
All alleles in a species/population.
Plate tectonics
The scientific theory that describes the large-scale movements and features of Earth’s crust.
Pseudogene
A vestigial gene that no longer codes for a functioning protein, remains of a gene that once served a useful function.
Evolution
Changes in a species’ gene pool over time.
Mutations
Changes in DNA sequence, creating new traits.
Duplication mutations
Extra gene copies may evolve new functions.
Homologous genes
Inherited from common ancestors; reveal species’ relatedness.
Half-life
The time for 50% of a parent isotope to decay.
Fossil records
Evidence provided by layers of fossils that show the progression of evolutionary changes over time.
Radiometric dating
Uses radioisotopes to date rocks and fossils.
Modern evolutionary synthesis
Combines Darwin’s natural selection with modern genetics.
Neutral mutations
Mutations that have no effect and occur in non-coding DNA.
Beneficial mutations
Mutations that result in advantageous traits selected for by the environment.
Harmful mutations
Mutations that decrease fitness and are selected against.
Fossil evidence
Fossils confirm evolutionary patterns seen in various species.
Biogeography
The distribution of species and ecosystems across geographic space and through geological time.
Molecular genetics
A field that strengthens evidence for shared ancestry and new adaptations.