Male Sperm +

reoccurring process

To produce a large amount of sperm takes a long period, it’s a ….

Spermatogenesis

…. has a duration that is both fixed and constant. This means that if we take the seminiferous tubules and stretch it out, we can see that the Sertoli cells lining the tubules, in the center is the lumen 

fixed

Spermatogenesis is …. in the thought that we start with those spermatogenesis stem cells down in the basement membrane. This means that it’s fixed in one place (near the Sertoli cell)

basement membrane

As they grow (from type A to B (then they turn to spermatocytes) to primary, and to secondary, it would be fixed in the …. and would inch closer to closer to the lumen 

constant

For ….., it means that it would be constantly occurring overtime 

stages

On the top of the Sertoli cells are different …. of development/spermatogenesis 

round spermatid

Some would have the …. and others would have a fully mature spermatozoa 

release

So there is a constant turnover on the tip of the Sertoli cells that is constantly changing in order to …. the mature spermatozoa. The change occurs in a frequent period 

man

…. = 16

bull

…. = 13.5

the cycle

The spermatocytogenesis process/changes in the cells (….)

up

The cycle would be working their way …. the Sertoli cells 

Cycle 1

Spermatogonial stage 

tip

The stages are what is occurring along the …. of the Sertoli cell (spermatogenesis, the Golgi, cap, acsome, and maturation phase)

constant changeover

In mammals, we have a …. of what is happening at the tip of the Sertoli cell in order to cause the constant release 

stage 1

On …., we have round spermatids located on the top of the Sertoli cell 

stage 4

On …., we see more advance spermatids (they are undergoing that process of spermatogenesis) 

stage 8

On …, they are fully matured spermatozoa 

not changing

They are … where they are at on the Sertoli cell (they are fixed), they themselves change

revert

As stage 8 releases the spermatozoa, it would then … back to stage 1 because underneath them are round spermatids 

constant release

Then over a 13.5 day period (bull) we see development occurring. This ensures a … of sperm cells 

Cycle 1

Type A spermatogonia are along the basement membrane 

Cycle 2

Type A grows into type B spermatogonia, they move up along the Sertoli cell (it gets closer to the lumen). Then it would transform into primary spermatocyte 

Cycle 3

There is a transition from primary spermatocyte to the secondary spermatocyte, get closer still to the lumen 

Cycle 4

There is a transition to the round spermatid and gets even closer to the lumen (as it gets closer to the lumen, we are getting closer to that release) 

Cycle 4.5

There is another transition from the round spermatid to that elongated spermatozoa. 

additional refinement

When the spermatozoa is released, it’s not able to fertilize, it still needs … that has to occur in the epididymis 

alterations

There would also be …. in the female reproductive tract in order to allow the spermatozoa the ability to fertilize the oocyte

spermatocytogenesis

The cycles are referring to the … 

mammals

All …. have 4.5 cycles

varies

The number of days in a stage …. tho

multiply

If we want to know how long this process occurs, we take how many cycles and …. it by the number of days of a stage (ex: 4.5X13.5= ~61 days)

injury

If we have an …. to the testis, we would see thy some infertility occurring 61 days later than immediately because spermatogonial stem cells are the most sensitive to injuries 

heartbeat

Every … in a male means that they have produced 1,000 sperm 

longest

The … stage is stage 1

waves

These stages allows for … to occur 

immediate decrease

Again, we would not see an …. in sperm cells if there is an injury to the testis. It would only occur when ~ (we take how many cycles and multiply it by the number of days of a stage)

decrease

Increasing the temperature of the testis doesn’t stop sperm production completely, it would …. the number 

additional components

There would be ….. that are going to be added to it as the sperm cells goes through he male reproductive tract (the sperm fell would be elongated)

environment

The sperm cells need to rely on the …. in order to provide nutrients to keep them alive, so the reproductive tract would provide the fluid environment for these sperm cells to help them move along and provide buffers in order to keep them alive 

mucosal lining

The seminiferous tubules, the efferent ducts, the rete testes, the epididymus, the vas deferents and the urethra would have …. of the tissues that would provide the nutrients in order to keep the sperm cells alive

growth factor

The cells would also produce….. and prostaglandins to help move things along 

Inside

…. the testicles are the seminiferous tubules, the rete testis, and the efferent ducts 

fluid

The spermatozoa are going to be coming out of the seminiferous tubules and they are going to be carried along by the … that’s produced in the lumen within the seminiferous tubules as well as the rete testis fluid

elongated spermatozoa

When they come out of the seminiferous tubules, they would be …. with that cytoplasmic droplet attached to them 

removed

The cytoplasmic droplet needs to be … in order for these sperm cells to gain fertility 

epididymis

When they go into the …. (outside of the testis and the first part of the tube system) they go through the three component of it, the caput, the corpus, and the caudia

caput

In the …. epididymis, there is a concentration of sperm cells and the removal of some of the excess fluid 

corpus epididymus

In the …., we see these spermatozoa continue to mature. They gain motility/fertility in that corpus epididymus bc this is where the cytoplasmic droplet be removed from the sperm cells 

large proportion

If we see a …. of sperm cells with cytoplasmic droplets, in the semen analysis that we are analyzing. Then we know that there’s either a potential problem in the corpus or that male is ejaculating too frequently 

3 accessory sex glands

The sperm would then hit the vas deferents, then to the pelvic urethra where the …. reside.

seminal vesicles 

Within the accessory sex glands is the …

seminal plasma component 

The accessory sex glands would add the …

coagulation factors

In some species, the glands are going to provide the …. ultimately providing the nutrients in the guilds to ensure the survival of the sperm 

storage vault

The cauda is going to be the ….. as the sperm cells continue to be produced and a bulk of the sperm cells are going to be leaving at the time of ejaculation 

environment

The sperm cells don’t have their own cytoplasm or carrying their own energy source so they have on rely on the …. to provide them stuff and to move

lazy river

Within the seminiferous tubules, we see the sperm being passively moved by the fluids that were produced by those mucosal cells (……)

rete testis

They would then go into the …. and continue to be carried by the fluids, then they go into the efferent ductules 

cilia

Once they go though the ductules, we see a little bit of a difference. We still have fluid carrying them but the tube lining the ducts has …..

movement

So the cilia aids in the …. of the fluids so we now have a current being pulled in order to pull the sperm cells into the epididymis 

energy

So some …. is needed in order to move the cilia for it to move the sperm cells

muscle aided movement

In the epididymis, there is now ……... There is smooth muscles surrounding the epididymis from all stages (caput, corpus, and cauda) using rhythmic peristaltic contractions to move the sperm cells 

potential hormone regulation

We also have …. of the factors that are moving those muscles (ex: oxytocin: stimulated smooth muscle contractions so it would aid in contractions of the epidermal lining of the smooth muscle lining that epididymis to help those smooth muscles  carry the sperm cells through as they are developing)

sperm

As the …. is being carried out of the testis and through the tube system

vas deferens

The …. also has smooth muscle contractions that would help carry the sperm cells from the epididymis into the pelvic urethra (oxytocin would aid in this)

pelvic urethra

We see a large number of sperm cells moving through the vas deferens during the ejaculation process. Once they get to the opening of the …., then we see a different set of muscles become involved 

skeletal muscles

Opening the penis and penile urethra, we have muscles located in the pelvic region. They are ….., they would start contracting during the ejaculation process. They would stimulate the release of the accessory sex glands fluid.

depositing

They would help push the seminal plasma as well as the sperm rich fraction of the ejaculate through the pelvic urethra into the penile urethra and aid in …. the ejaculate into the female 

own

At no point is the sperm cell using its … energy 

semen evaluation

We can use … in order to determine whether the male is a potential satisfactory breeder or a potential unsatisfactory breeder

can’t

We …. test everything in the semen evaluation

interior portion of the vagina

Semen thats going to be deposited in the …., has a low volume of sperm to ensure the sperm cells stay within the vagina and have the opportunity to transverse the cervix (in ruminants)

cervical or intrauterine

Semen thats going to be deposited into …., has a high volume of sperm bc they lock the gland penis in the cervix (boar and stallion) 

volume and pH measurements 

We would use ….

Rapid change

…. in pH would kill sperm cells (so they stay around 7)

hemocytometer

For counting the number of sperm cells (concentrations) we could use a …. (we kill the sperm cells (to make it easier) and dye them and then we put them on a grid, this is a slow and accurate procedure)

spectrophotometer

Or a … (it passes light through the sample, is focused on the density of the sample. The greater the density, the less light that goes through it, the less the density, the more light that goes through it. This is much quicker but less accurate) 

Motility and morphology

….. is related because only normal sperm cells have good motility 

kill

When looking at morphology, we …. the sperm cells to assess them easier 

Heads

Primary abnormalities

Midpiece and the tail

Secondary abnormalities

moving

When testing for motility, we can do a droplet test (don’t kill sperm for this one) we would drop the sperm on he slides and see the % that are …. 

hypothalamus

In order to find the females that are in estrus, the male must rely on sights, odors, visual cues, etc. those then stimulate the ….

Fleming response

…. helps makes sense the pheromones that are being produced by the female 

Precopulatory behavior

Where the male is put into a group of females and the first thing he does is check everyone out and searching for those that are coming into estrus. If he finds a female that’s in estrus, there would be some behavioral courtships, like nuzzling, nudging, or attempting mounting 

Copulatory behavior

The male mounts the female and there would be intromission (the glands penis would be inserted into the vagina) which would stimulate the male to ejaculate 

Postcopulatory behavior

There would then be dismounting and the male would undergo a refractory period (period of time when the male can’t be stimulated to mount again). So this is commuted to memory 

fixed and constant

The duration of spermatogenesis is ….

regular intervals

Stem cells enter spermatogenesis at….

man

It happens every 16 days in …

bull

It happens every 13.5 days in ….

intercellular bridges

Stem cells enter spermatogenesis in groups that are connected by ….

Cycle

Progression through sequence of all stages

Stage

Specific cellular associations

Cycle 1

Type A spermatogonia along basement membrane

Cycle 2

Intermediate and type B spermatogonia and as a primary spermatocyte begins meiosis 1 / 1 layer closer to the lumen

Cycle 3

Develops into a secondary spermatocyte / About half way to the lumen

Cycle 4

Cell undergoes many morphological changes as it develops as a spermatid / Near the lumen

Cycle 4.5

Undergoes final changes / Released into the lumen of the tubule as a spermatozoan

maturation

Further …. occurs as it travels through the male and female reproductive tracts