AP WORLD Unit 7-8

Fourteen Points

The Fourteen Points were proposed by Woodrow Wilson in 1918 as a plan for peace after World War I. They emphasized self-determination, free trade, and international cooperation. Many were ignored at the Treaty of Versailles, contributing to future conflict.

The New Deal

The New Deal was a series of programs introduced by Franklin D. Roosevelt during the Great Depression. It aimed to provide relief, recovery, and reform through government action. It expanded the role of the federal government in the economy.

PRI

The PRI dominated Mexican politics for much of the 20th century after the Mexican Revolution. It maintained power through reform, patronage, and controlled elections. It functioned as a one-party state for decades.

Rwanda

In 1994, Rwanda experienced a genocide in which extremist Hutus killed about 800,000 Tutsis and moderate Hutus. The violence stemmed from ethnic tensions rooted in colonial rule. The global community was criticized for failing to intervene.

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk founded modern Turkey after the Ottoman Empire’s collapse. He introduced secular and nationalist reforms. His leadership transformed Turkey into a modern republic.

Zionism

Zionism is a movement advocating for a Jewish homeland in Palestine. It grew due to rising antisemitism in Europe. It led to the creation of Israel in 1948.

The Blitz

The Blitz was Germany’s bombing campaign against Britain in 1940–1941. Cities like London were heavily attacked to break morale. Britain resisted despite heavy destruction.

Blitzkrieg

Blitzkrieg was a German strategy using fast, coordinated attacks with tanks and planes. It allowed quick victories early in World War II. It relied on speed and surprise.

Armenian Genocide

The Armenian Genocide occurred during World War I under the Ottoman Empire. About 1.5 million Armenians were killed or deported. It is considered one of the first modern genocides.

V-E Day

Victory in Europe Day marked Germany’s surrender on May 8, 1945. It ended World War II in Europe. Allied nations celebrated the victory.

Stalingrad

The Battle of Stalingrad (1942–1943) was a major turning point in World War II. Soviet forces defeated Germany in brutal fighting. It shifted momentum to the Allies.

Weimar Republic

The Weimar Republic was Germany’s government from 1919 to 1933. It faced economic crises and political instability. Its collapse led to Hitler’s rise.

Franz Ferdinand

Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated in 1914 by a Serbian nationalist. His death triggered World War I. It caused a chain reaction of alliances declaring war.

Nazi Racism

Nazi racial ideology claimed Aryan superiority. It justified discrimination and violence against Jews and others. It led to the Holocaust.

Kristallnacht

Kristallnacht was a 1938 attack on Jewish homes and businesses in Nazi Germany. Synagogues were destroyed and thousands arrested. It marked an escalation of anti-Jewish violence.

Rome-Berlin Axis

The Rome-Berlin Axis was an alliance between Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany formed in 1936. It strengthened ties between Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler. It later became part of the Axis Powers.

Mass Atrocities in Bosnia

The Bosnian War in the 1990s involved ethnic cleansing and genocide. Thousands of Bosniak Muslims were killed. International intervention helped end the conflict.

Nuremberg Laws

The Nuremberg Laws were passed in Nazi Germany in 1935. They stripped Jews of citizenship and rights. They legalized racial discrimination.

Five-Year Plans

The Five-Year Plans were economic programs by Joseph Stalin. They aimed to rapidly industrialize the Soviet Union. They caused economic growth but also famine and suffering.

The Final Solution

The Final Solution was the Nazi plan to exterminate Jews during World War II. It was carried out in concentration and death camps. Millions were killed in the Holocaust.

Sun Yat-sen

Sun Yat-sen helped overthrow China’s Qing Dynasty. He promoted nationalism, democracy, and economic reform. He is seen as the father of modern China.

The Long March

The Long March (1934–1935) was a retreat by Chinese Communists. It strengthened Mao Zedong’s leadership. It became a symbol of Communist strength.

CCP

The Chinese Communist Party, led by Mao Zedong, sought to create a communist China. It gained support from peasants. It took control in 1949.

Kuomintang

The Kuomintang was led by Chiang Kai-shek. It fought the CCP in a civil war. After losing, it retreated to Taiwan.

Totalitarianism

Totalitarianism is a system where the government controls all aspects of life. Leaders like Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin used it. It relies on repression and propaganda.

The Great Depression

The Great Depression began in 1929 as a global economic crisis. It caused widespread unemployment and poverty. It contributed to political instability.

Genocide

Genocide is the deliberate destruction of a group of people. The term was created after World War II. It is considered a crime under international law.

Fascism

Fascism is an authoritarian ideology focused on nationalism and strong leadership. Benito Mussolini was a key figure. It suppresses opposition and promotes militarism.

Hyperinflation

Hyperinflation is extremely rapid price increases. It occurred in Germany in the 1920s. It caused severe economic instability.

Inflation

Inflation is the general rise in prices over time. Moderate inflation is normal in economies. High inflation reduces purchasing power.

May Fourth Movement

The May Fourth Movement was a 1919 protest in China. It opposed foreign influence and promoted modernization. It inspired nationalist and communist ideas.

Gandhi

Mahatma Gandhi led India’s nonviolent resistance against Britain. He used civil disobedience. His ideas influenced global movements.

League of Nations

The League of Nations was created after World War I to maintain peace. It aimed to resolve disputes diplomatically. It failed to prevent World War II.

Decolonization

Decolonization was the process of colonies gaining independence after World War II. It occurred across Asia and Africa. It reshaped global politics.

Appeasement

Appeasement was a policy of giving in to demands to avoid conflict. Britain and France used it with Nazi Germany. It failed to stop World War II.

Mandate System

The mandate system gave Allied powers control over former colonies after World War I. These areas were meant to prepare for independence. In reality, it often continued imperialism.

Purges

Purges were campaigns by Joseph Stalin to remove opponents. Many were executed or sent to labor camps. They strengthened his control.

Satyagraha

Satyagraha was Mahatma Gandhi’s method of nonviolent resistance. It emphasized truth and peaceful protest. It was key in India’s independence movement.

The Salt March

The Salt March was a 1930 protest led by Mahatma Gandhi. Indians marched to make salt in defiance of British laws. It became a symbol of resistance.

Cold War

The Cold War was a period of tension between the United States and the Soviet Union after World War II. It involved ideological conflict between capitalism and communism. It led to arms races, proxy wars, and global political divisions.

Iron Curtain

The Iron Curtain was a term used by Winston Churchill to describe the division between Western Europe and Soviet-controlled Eastern Europe. It symbolized the spread of communism. It marked the political and ideological boundary in Europe.

Containment

Containment was a U.S. policy aimed at stopping the spread of communism. It guided American foreign policy during the Cold War. It led to involvement in conflicts like Korea and Vietnam.

Military Industrial Complex

The military-industrial complex refers to the relationship between a country’s military and defense industries. Dwight D. Eisenhower warned about its growing influence. It highlighted concerns about excessive military spending.

Marshall Plan

The Marshall Plan was a U.S. program to aid European economic recovery after World War II. It provided financial assistance to rebuild economies. It also aimed to prevent the spread of communism.

NATO

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) was formed in 1949 as a military alliance of Western nations. It provided collective defense against the Soviet Union. Members agreed to defend each other if attacked.

Warsaw Pact

The Warsaw Pact was a military alliance of Eastern Bloc countries led by the Soviet Union. It was created in response to NATO. It strengthened Soviet control over Eastern Europe.

Self Determination

Self-determination is the idea that nations have the right to govern themselves. It became important after World War I and during decolonization. It influenced independence movements worldwide.

Proxy Wars

Proxy wars were conflicts where major powers supported opposing sides without directly fighting each other. They were common during the Cold War. Examples include Korea and Vietnam.

Cuban Missile Crisis

The Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962 was a confrontation between the U.S. and the Soviet Union over missiles in Cuba. It brought the world close to nuclear war. It ended with a compromise to remove missiles.

Non-Aligned Movement

The Non-Aligned Movement was a group of countries that chose not to align with either the U.S. or the Soviet Union. It was formed during the Cold War. It promoted independence and neutrality.

Glasnost

Glasnost was a policy introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev to increase openness in the Soviet Union. It allowed more freedom of expression. It exposed government problems and weakened Soviet control.

Perestroika

Perestroika was a reform policy by Mikhail Gorbachev to restructure the Soviet economy. It introduced limited market practices. It contributed to the collapse of the Soviet system.

Fall of the Berlin Wall (1989)

The Berlin Wall fell in 1989, symbolizing the end of Cold War divisions in Europe. It allowed East and West Berlin to reunite. It marked the decline of communist control.

Pan-Africanism

Pan-Africanism is a movement promoting unity among African nations and people of African descent. It grew during the 20th century. It influenced independence movements across Africa.

Negritude Movement

The Negritude Movement celebrated African culture and identity. It was developed by French-speaking African and Caribbean intellectuals. It opposed colonial racism and cultural domination.

Truman Doctrine

The Truman Doctrine was a U.S. policy to support countries resisting communism. It was announced by Harry S. Truman in 1947. It marked the beginning of containment.

Satellite Countries

Satellite countries were nations in Eastern Europe controlled by the Soviet Union. They had their own governments but followed Soviet policies. They helped maintain Soviet influence.

Mao Zedong

Mao Zedong was the leader of communist China. He led the Chinese Communist Party to victory in 1949. His policies reshaped China’s society and economy.

Great Leap Forward

The Great Leap Forward was a campaign by Mao Zedong to rapidly industrialize China. It forced collectivization of agriculture. It led to widespread famine and millions of deaths.

Red Guards

The Red Guards were groups of young people in China who supported Mao Zedong during the Cultural Revolution. They attacked perceived enemies of communism. Their actions caused social chaos.

White Revolution

The White Revolution was a series of reforms in Iran led by Mohammad Reza Shah. It aimed to modernize the country through land reform and education. It led to social tensions and opposition.