ANT 2130 Section 3 Exam

Settler Colonialism

The system where colonizers occupy land and remove/eradicate Indigenous peoples rather than extract resources.

Scientific Racism

Pseudoscience used to justify colonialism and racial hierarchy.

Manifest Destiny

Belief that U.S. expansion was divinely ordained, used to justify Indigenous displacement.

1830 Indian Removal Act

Law enabling forced relocation of tribes west of the Mississippi.

1887 Dawes Act

Divided tribal lands into individual plots; over 90 million acres taken.

Forced Sterilization

BIA programs sterilized 25-50% of Indigenous women in the 1960s-70s.

Human Zoo

Public exhibitions of colonized peoples for entertainment in the 19th-20th centuries.

Saartjie Baartman

Indigenous woman displayed in Europe; remains kept in a museum until 1974.

Minik Wallace

Inuit child whose father's skeleton was displayed at the American Museum of Natural History.

Ishi

Last known Yahi man; his brain was stored at the Smithsonian for 83 years.

Maria Pearson

Advocate who pushed for laws requiring reburial of Native remains.

NAGPRA (1990)

Acronym for Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act. Federal law requiring return of Native American remains and cultural items.

Funerary Objects

Items intentionally placed with or near human remains.

Sacred Objects

Ceremonial items needed for traditional religious practices.

Objects of Cultural Patrimony

Items with ongoing cultural importance to a tribe.

Cultural Affiliation

Connection between remains/objects and a present-day tribe.

Kennewick Man / Ancient One

~9,000-year-old remains; DNA linked to Colville Tribe; reburied in 2017.

Structural Vulnerability

How power hierarchies worsen health outcomes.

Structural Violence

Policies/practices that deny resources and place groups at risk.

Weathering Hypothesis

Chronic inequity accelerates physiological deterioration.

Epigenetics

Environmental factors influence gene expression and disease outcomes.

Intersectionality

Multiple identities shape experiences of discrimination.

Embodiment

Stressors become physically incorporated into the body.

Allostatic Load

Physiological wear from chronic stress.

Linear Enamel Hypoplasia

Enamel defects indicating childhood stress.

Porotic Hyperostosis

Bone lesions linked to anemia.

Cribra Orbitalia

Orbital lesions associated with low iron and low‑protein diets.

Harris Lines

Bone growth arrest lines indicating stress or malnutrition.

NamUS

National database for missing, unidentified, and unclaimed persons.

Implicit Bias

Unconscious negative attitudes affecting investigations.

Missing White Woman Syndrome

Disproportionate media attention to missing white women.

Operation UNITED

Wayne County project exhuming unidentified remains for DNA identification.

Human Trafficking

Exploitation through force, fraud, or coercion for labor or sex.

Force (Trafficking)

Use of violence or confinement to control victims.

Fraud (Trafficking)

False promises used to lure victims.

Coercion (Trafficking)

Threats or schemes causing fear of serious harm.

Labor Trafficking

Domestic work, factories, agriculture, restaurants, nail salons.

Sex Trafficking

Prostitution, pornography, stripping, child brides.

Gorilla Pimp

Uses force, threats, kidnapping, and drugs to control victims.

Romeo Pimp

Uses affection, gifts, and manipulation to recruit victims.

Trauma Bonding

Emotional dependence on trafficker due to abuse cycles.

Trauma Effects on Brain

Stress shuts down thinking and emotional centers, leaving survival brain active.

Trauma‑Informed Care

Safety, trust, choice, collaboration, empowerment.

Black Wall Street

Prosperous Black community in Greenwood, Tulsa.

Dick Rowland Incident

False accusation that triggered white mob violence in 1921.

Tulsa Race Massacre

White mobs destroyed Greenwood, killing residents and burning 1,256 homes.

Internment Camps

Black residents detained for days after the massacre.

Mass Grave Investigations

Use of GPR and excavations at Oaklawn Cemetery to locate victims.

Disciplines Contributing to Biological Anthropology

Biology, anatomy, geology, paleontology, archaeology, and evolutionary theory contributed foundational methods and concepts.

Key Contributors to Biological Anthropology

Linnaeus (taxonomy), Lamarck (acquired traits), Darwin (natural selection), Mendel (genetics), Hrdlička (physical anthropology)

Concepts Brought by Early Contributors

Classification systems, evolution, adaptation, heredity, and population variation

Eugenics

Pseudoscientific movement promoting selective breeding; used to justify racism and forced sterilization.

Franz Boas

Father of American anthropology; disproved scientific racism and emphasized environmental influence on human variation.

Alfred Kroeber

Boas student; major cultural anthropologist; documented Indigenous cultures and worked with Ishi.

Sarah Baartman

Khoikhoi woman exploited in European human zoos; body displayed after death.

Human Zoos (Role)

Exhibitions that objectified colonized peoples and reinforced racist ideologies.

Where Indian Residential Schools Operated

Operated in the U.S. and Canada from late 1800s to late 20th century.

What Indian Residential Schools Did to Children

Forced assimilation, banned languages, inflicted abuse, erased cultural identity.

Role of Churches in Indian Residential Schools

Christian churches ran most schools and enforced assimilation.

Number of Residential Schools in Michigan

Three federally recognized boarding schools operated in Michigan

Carlisle Exhumations Controversy

NAGPRA requires tribal consultation before disturbing Indigenous remains, which was not initially followed.

How Many People Go Missing Annually

About 600,000 people are reported missing each year in the U.S.

Limitations of Missing Persons Data

Underreporting, inconsistent definitions, racial bias, and jurisdictional gaps.

National Crime Information Center (NCIC)

FBI database storing missing persons, warrants, crime data, and unidentified remains.

National Center for Missing and Exploited Children (NCMEC)

Nonprofit assisting in locating missing children and analyzing exploitation cases.

Social Determinants of Health

Conditions like housing, income, education, and environment that shape health outcomes.

Epigenetics & Human Rights

Chronic stress and inequality can alter gene expression, linking injustice to biology.

CDC Social Vulnerability Index

Tool ranking communities by vulnerability; used to allocate resources and identify at‑risk populations.

Investigative Methods Used in Victorian Cold Case

Archaeological excavation, osteological analysis, CT scanning, chemical/isotope testing, facial reconstruction, and historical records review were used to investigate the Victorian woman.

Anthropology Subfields Used in Victorian Cold Case

Archaeology interpreted the burial context, biological anthropology analyzed bones for health and disease, cultural anthropology explained Victorian poverty and stigma, and forensic anthropology built the biological profile and reconstruction.

Conclusions About the Victorian Woman

She was a 17–19‑year‑old impoverished woman with rickets and tertiary syphilis, likely forced into prostitution; conclusions came from bone lesions, stature, diet indicators, mercury levels, and matching hospital/burial records.

How the Skeleton of the Victorian Woman Was Analyzed

The skeleton was examined for age, s3x, stature, pathology, bone chemistry, and facial structure; these analyses revealed her diseases, social status, treatment history, and likely identity.

Prevention Through Deterrence

U.S. border strategy pushing migrants into dangerous terrain to deter crossings.

How “Prevention Through Deterrence” Increased Deaths

Forced migrants into deserts, causing deaths from exposure, dehydration, and disorientation.

Taphonomic Processes in Borderlands

Heat, scavengers, sun bleaching, scattering, rapid decomposition, soil chemistry.

Carework in Borderlands

Emotional and physical labor by scientists and community groups to recover and identify the dead.

Laws Impacting Indigenous Peoples

Indian Removal Act, Dawes Act, AIRFA, and NAGPRA.

How NAGPRA Developed

Created through Indigenous activism to stop museums from holding Native remains.

Who Can Apply for Repatriation

Federally recognized tribes, Native Hawaiian organizations, and lineal descendants.

Indicators of Trafficking

Restricted movement, fearfulness, injuries, lack of ID, someone speaking for the victim.

Events That Increase Trafficking

Disasters, economic crises, large events, migration surges, political instability.

Legal Definition Factors of Trafficking

Requires force, fraud, or coercion for adults; any minor in commercial sex is automatically trafficking.

Role of the National Guard

Assisted white mobs, disarmed Black residents, detained survivors.

Factors Creating Racial Tension

Economic jealousy, segregation laws, white supremacist groups, false accusations.

Where Children’s Remains of MOVE Bombing Were Used

Universities and museums held and studied remains without family consent.

General Richard Henry Pratt

Founder of the Carlisle Indian School; promoted forced assimilation with the motto “Kill the Indian in him, and save the man.”

Indian Civilization Fund Act (1819)

U.S. law funding efforts to “civilize” Indigenous peoples through assimilation and boarding schools.

Purpose of U.S. Boarding Schools

Eliminate Indigenous cultural identities, enforce English, Anglo‑American clothing, and U.S. values.

Compulsory Attendance

Indigenous children were legally required to attend boarding schools and were forcibly removed from families.

Duncan Campbell Scott

Canadian official who pushed Treaty Nine and expanded residential schools to access Indigenous lands and resources.

Indian Act (1876, Canada)

Made Indigenous education a federal responsibility and enabled mandatory residential school attendance.

School Labor Policies

Children spent most of their day doing manual labor for farms, communities, and school operations.

U.S. Boarding School Timeline

Operated from mid‑1600s to mid‑1900s; 417 schools across 37 states and territories.

Canadian Residential Schools Timeline

Operated from 1800s–1996; attendance became mandatory in 1920.

Assimilation in U.S. Schools

Forced English, Anglo‑American clothing, and U.S. cultural norms.

Assimilation in Canadian Schools

Children were forbidden to speak their languages or acknowledge their cultures; punished severely for violations.

Impacts of Boarding Schools

Deaths, abuse, neglect, malnutrition, disease, and unmarked/mismarked graves.

Disease in Schools

Poor conditions spread tuberculosis, cholera, and influenza, causing high mortality.

Lack of Parental Notification

Parents were rarely informed when children died or where they were buried.

U.S. Boarding School Deaths

At least 973 documented deaths across 65 schools—likely a major undercount.