HIST 010 TEST #3

Mongol Empire Anarchy

- The Mongol Yuan Dynasty ruled China before the Ming

- Mongol decline led to rebellion and disorder

- Chinese resentment of Mongol rule helped the Ming rise to power

Chu Yuan-Chang

- Founder of the Ming Dynasty

- Expelled the Mongols from China in 1368

- Restored Chinese traditions and strengthened agriculture

- Created a strong centralized government

Chu Ti

- Powerful Ming emperor who expanded China's influence

- Moved the capital to Beijing

- Built the Forbidden City

- Sponsored naval expeditions

Tribute System

- Neighboring states gave gifts and recognized Chinese superiority

- In return, China offered protection and trading rights

- Reinforced China's dominance in East Asia

Cheng Ho and Voyages of Exploration

- Muslim admiral who led huge naval expeditions

- Traveled to Southeast Asia, India, the Middle East, and East Africa

- Demonstrated Chinese power and expanded trade connections

- Voyages ended after 1433 because they were expensive and officials opposed them

Origin Myth (Aztecs)

- The Aztecs believed their gods told them to settle where they saw an eagle on a cactus eating a snake

- They found this sign at Lake Texcoco and built Tenochtitlan

Early Migrations (Aztecs)

- The Aztecs migrated south into central Mexico from northern regions

- Originally poor and unwanted, they later became powerful warriors

Origin Myth (Incas)

- The Incas believed they were descended from the sun god Inti

- According to legend, Manco Capac and Mama Ocllo emerged from Lake Titicaca to found Cuzco

- The myth helped justify Inca rule and divine authority

Pachacuti

- Pachacuti ("Earth Shaker") transformed the Inca kingdom into a large empire

- Reorganized government, military, and taxation systems

- Expanded territory through conquest and diplomacy

- Built major projects like Machu Picchu

Topa Inca

- Son of Pachacuti and continued Inca expansion

- Conquered large parts of modern Ecuador, Chile, and Bolivia

- Strengthened the empire's administration and road system

Huayna Capac

- Expanded the empire to its greatest size

- His death from disease likely brought by Europeans caused a civil war

- The conflict weakened the Incas before Spanish arrival

Causes of Inca Success

- Strong, organized military

- Extensive road network for communication and troop movement

- Efficient government and taxation system

- Use of alliances and forced resettlement to control conquered peoples

- Religious unity centered on emperor worship

Sudan

- "Sudan" means "land of the blacks" and refers to West Africa south of the Sahara

- Mali developed in this fertile and trade-rich region

Camel/Trade

- Camels made trans-Saharan trade possible

- Mali became wealthy from trading gold and salt

- Trade connected West Africa to North Africa and the Islamic world

Sundiata Keita

- Founder of the Mali Empire

- Defeated rival kingdoms and united the Mandinka people

- Created a stable government and encouraged trade

Mansa Musa

- Mali's most famous ruler and one of the richest people in history

- Made a famous pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324

- Spread Islam and funded mosques and schools in Timbuktu

Decline of Mali

- Internal conflicts weakened the empire

- Trade routes shifted

- Smaller states broke away from Mali's control

- The Songhai Empire eventually replaced Mali

Early History of Central Mexico

- Earlier civilizations like the Olmec and Toltec influenced the region

- City-states competed for power before Aztec dominance

The 3 Conquerors

- Acamapichtli helped establish early rule

- Itzcoatl expanded Aztec territory

- Montezuma I strengthened the empire and tribute system

Causes of Aztec success

- Strong military and warrior culture

- Alliances with neighboring city-states

- Tribute system brought wealth and resources

- Strategic location of Tenochtitlan

- Religious beliefs supported warfare and expansion

Tokugawa Japan

1551-1615

Feudal Pyramid

- Emperor was symbolic ruler

- Shogun held real political power

- Daimyo were powerful landowners

- Samurai served daimyo as warriors

Peasants, artisans, and merchants formed lower classes

Oda Nobunaga

- Began unifying Japan after years of civil war

- Used firearms effectively

- Defeated many rival daimyo

Hideyoshi

- Continued unification after Nobunaga's death

- Disarmed peasants and strengthened class divisions

- Attempted invasions of Korea

Tokugawa Ieyasu

- Won the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600

- Became shogun in 1603

- Completed the unification of Japan

Tokugawa Shogunate

- Established a long period of peace and stability

- Strict social order and centralized control

- Limited foreign influence and trade

- Edo (Tokyo) became the political center

Origins & Origin Dream

- Began as a small Turkish state in Anatolia

- Osman I founded the dynasty

- Legend says Osman dreamed of a tree growing from his body to cover the world, symbolizing empire

Causes of Ottoman Success

- Strong military organization

- Use of gunpowder weapons and cannons

- Strategic location between Europe and Asia

- Religious motivation and tolerance of conquered peoples

- Devshirme system created loyal Janissary soldiers

Mehmet II

- Captured Constantinople in 1453

- Ended the Byzantine Empire

- Made Constantinople the Ottoman capital

Selim I

- Expanded into the Middle East and North Africa

- Defeated the Safavids and Mamluks.

- Gained control of Islamic holy cities

Suleiman I

- Known as "Suleiman the Magnificent"

- Expanded the empire to its height

- Improved laws and government administration

- Encouraged art, architecture, and culture

Charles V

- Ruled a vast empire including Spain, the Holy Roman Empire, and colonies in the Americas

- Defended Catholicism during the Protestant Reformation

- Fought wars against France and the Ottoman Empire

Spaniard Empire

- Built a global empire through exploration and conquest

- Wealth came from American gold and silver

- Controlled territories in the Americas, Europe, and Asia

Religious Wars

- Spain fought to defend Catholicism against Protestants

- Conflicts included wars in the Netherlands and against Protestant states

- Religious tension weakened Spain financially and politically

Philip II

- Son of Charles V and strong Catholic ruler

- Built the Escorial palace

- Sent the Spanish Armada against England in 1588, which failed

- Oversaw the height of Spanish power but also growing decline

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