American History Review: Industrialization to the Civil Rights Era

Practice flashcards covering American industrialization, the Gilded Age, World Wars, the Great Depression, the Cold War, and the Civil Rights Movement based on lecture notes.

Laissez Faire

The idea that government regulations were harmful to companies, and the government itself should not intervene in the economy.

Social Darwinism

A belief held by many business owners that applied the concept of 'the big eats the weak' to the world of corporations.

Gospel of Wealth

The idea that wealthy individuals had a duty from God to invest back into society.

Knights of Labor

A labor union focused on the destruction of trusts, monopolies, and child labor.

Patronage

A system where candidates running for roles would provide jobs to individuals in exchange for their votes.

Pendleton Act

A law countering patronage that required people to pass an exam to obtain a government job.

Mr. Teed

A figure who lied about his good intentions and scammed the American people.

Zimmerman Telegram

A proposal where Germany tried to make a deal with Mexico to help them regain land if they assisted Germany.

Treaty of Versailles

An act limiting Germany due to their involvement in the war that included freedom of the seas, self-determination of nations, and the League of Nations.

Total war

A situation where a country utilizes all possible resources and economic power to achieve victory.

Espionage Act and Sedition Act

Laws that made it a crime to oppose or interfere with the war effort, establishing that freedom of speech was not absolute.

Emergency Quota Act

An act that significantly lowered the rate of accepting immigrants into the country.

Great Migration

The movement of large proportions of the Southern black population to the North to escape oppressive laws.

Tulsa massacre

An event where a speculated accusation led to a riot resulting in $300$ deaths and $10,000$ people becoming homeless.

Assembly line

A manufacturing system introduced by Henry Ford using a conveyor belt to transport partially built cars from worker to worker.

Siguma Freud

A figure associated with the idea that advertisements tap into the subconscious of customers.

Flappers

Women during the changes of the era who cut their hair, smoked, and drank.

Nativism

The effort to protect the rights of native-born citizens against the perceived threat of immigrants.

Harlem Renaissance

The rebirth of arts and intellectual pursuits among the migrated black population, including the birth of Jazz.

Modernists

Urban Protestants who embraced changing culture, including Darwin’s theory of evolution.

Fundamentalists

Rural Protestants who believed the Bible must be taken seriously and literally, and who condemned declining morals.

Scopes Monkey Trial

A legal case involving John Scopes, who was arrested for teaching Darwin's theory of evolution which resulted in Modernism prevailing over Fundamentalism.

Buying on margin

The practice of borrowing money to buy stocks based on the assumption that stock prices will rise.

Hoovervilles

Impoverished residential areas named to symbolize President Hoover’s perceived lazy involvement in the Great Depression.

New Deal

President Franklin D. Roosevelt's solution to the Great Depression involving relief, recovery, and reform programs.

Public Works Administration

A New Deal program that employed Americans to work on federal infrastructure projects.

Civilian Conservation Corps

A program that set unemployed young men to work on forest preservation, flood control, and national park improvements.

Kellogg-Briand Pact

An unenforceable international agreement signed by many countries attempting to make war illegal.

Lend-Lease Act

A policy allowing Britain to obtain necessary arms from the U.S. on credit.

Double V campaign

A movement by black Americans to achieve victory in the war abroad and victory against racism at home.

Executive Order 9066

An order that relocated $100,000$ Japanese people due to fear of espionage and sabotage.

Manhattan Project

A secret plan to create a nuclear bomb to be used against Japan.

Containment

The movement and policy of using U.S. resources to prevent the spread of communism.

Truman Doctrine

A promise that America would aid countries by any means necessary to prevent them from turning communist, specifically regarding Turkey and Greece.

Marshall Plan

A program that gave Europe $13\,\text{billion dollars}$ to rebuild their economies to encourage capitalism over communism.

Berlin Airlift

The U.S. use of planes to drop resources to the people of Berlin to bypass the Soviet blockade.

NATO

A military alliance formed to resist aggressive actions from the Soviet Union.

Proxy Wars

Conflicts such as the Korean War where the U.S. and Soviets supported opposing sides without direct warfare between the two superpowers.

HUAC

A government committee that searched for communist influence, notably targeting Hollywood.

McCarthyism

The practice of making accusations of subversion or treason, specifically the claim by Joseph McCarthy that many government employees were secret communists.

GI bill

A program providing fees for housing, education, and training for returning World War II soldiers.

Levittown

A large suburban area of houses that provided a lower cost of living and housing.

Brown V. The Board of Education

A landmark case that ruled segregated schools violated the 14th Amendment and overturned Plessy's case.

Domino theory

The belief that if South Vietnam fell to communism, all surrounding nations would also fold to the Soviet Union.

Credibility Gap

The concept that the president was lying about the progress of the Vietnam War while televised evidence suggested otherwise.

Vietnamization

Nixon's policy of removing troops from Vietnam while providing financial aid and weapons to the Vietnamese.

Great Society

Lyndon B. Johnson's extension of the New Deal aimed at fixing poverty in the United States.

Medicare Program

A federally funded health insurance program for people over the age of $65$.

Gideon vs Wainwright

A court ruling that if a person cannot afford an attorney, the state must provide one.

Stonewall Inn

A meet-up location for the gay community that was raided, sparking the Gay Liberation Movement.