Ch. 7 Axial Skeleton

skeletal system

internal framework, support soft tissues, protect vital organs, bear body weight, and function as levers to help us move - which system?

206

how many bones in human body?

directly

diversity is ___ related to function

Axial Skeleton

Contains the skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage

What are the functions of the Axial Skeleton

Central supporting axis of the body, creates framework that supports and protects the organs, spongy bone contains hemopoietic tissue

Appendicular Skeleton

Bones of upper limbs, pectoral girdle, bones of the lower limbs, pelvic girdle

Bone Markings

Distinctive, surface features that characterize each bone in the body

Bone Markings include

Depressions, Openings, Processes and Projections, Grooves

Condyle

large, smooth, rounded articulating oval structure

Facet

small, flat, shallow surface

Head

Prominant, rounded epiphysis

Trochlea

a smooth, grooved articular process shaped like a pulley

Canal

Passageway through bone

Foramen

(hole) rounded passageway through a bone

meatus

opening into a canal

notch

u-shaped depression

sinus

cavity or hallow space in a bone

fossa

flattened or shallow depression

sulcus

narrow groove

crest

narrow, prominent, ridge like projection

Epicondyle

projection adjacent to a condyle

process

any marked bony prominence

Spine

pointed, slender process

trochanter

2 massive, rough projections on femur

Tubercle

small, rounded projection

Tuberosity

large, rough projection

Anterior Sacral Foramen

Passage of nerves to pelvic organs

Posterior Sacral Foramen

passage of nerves to gluteal regions

Coccyx

4 small vertebrae

thoracic cage

rib cage

thoracic cage functions

protects organs of the thoracic organs, attachment site for many muscles

Sternum is made up of

Mandubrium, body, xyphhoid process

clavicular notch

u-shaped depressions

Sternal Ridge

where the manubrium and body articulate

True Ribes (1-7)

Truly attached to the sternum with costal cartilage

False Ribs (8-10)

Lack connections to the sternum (costal cartilage attaches to the superior rib)

Floating Ribs (11-12)

No attachment to sternum or higher costal cartilages

Cranium includes

1 Frontal Bone, 2 Parietal Bones, 2 Temporal bones, 1 Occipital bone, 1 Ethmoid bone

Cranial Sutures

Immovable joints that form the boundaries between cranial bones

Coronal Suture

separates frontal and parietal bones

Lamboid Suture

Separates parietal and occipital bone

Sagittal Suture

between 2 parietal bones

squamous suture

separates temporal and parietal bones

Frontal Bone Includes

Supraorbital margin and notch/foramen

supraorbital margin

above eye

Temporal Bone includes

external acoustic meatus, mastoid process, styloid process, zygomatic process

Mandibular Fossa

articulates with the mandible

Occipital Bone

posterior, base of the skull

sphenoid bone

unites cranial and facial bones

sella turcica

Houses the pituitary gland in sphenoid.

Ethmoid Bone

anterior cranial bone located between the nasal cavity and parts of the orbits of the eyes

perpendicular plate

forms superior part of nasal septum

facial bones include

nasal, maxilla, zygomatic, mandible, lacrimal, inferior nasal conchae, vomer

Body

Horizontal portion (supports teeth)

Ramus

vertical portion of the mandible (articulates with the cranium)

Mandibular Condyle

Head of mandible

hyoid bone

slender, curved bone, inferior to bone

cervicle vertebrae

C1-C7 (neck)

thoracic vertebrae

T1-T12 (Superior Region of back)

lumbar vertebrae

L1-L5 (Low Back)

What are the characteristics of Primary Curvature

You are born with it, arch is posterior

What are the characteristics of Secondary Curvature

You develop it, arch is anterior

Kyphosis

excessive outward curvature of the spine, causing hunching of the back. (hunchback)

Lordosis

Exaggerated lumbar curvature, protrusion of abdomen and buttocks (swayback)

Scoliosis

abnormal lateral curvature of the spine