A & P II Ch 3: Blood vessels

This layer of the blood vessel is directly in contact with blood flow 

Tunica intima

This layer of blood vessels is primarily responsible for vasoconstriction and vasodilation of vessels. 

Tunica media

These types of vessels are known as capacitance vessels as they can expand to store a large amount of blood.

Veins

As blood encounters irregular patterns, it encounters resistance, necessitating additional energy to maintain circulation. This type of resistance to blood flow is referred to as:

Turbulence

True or False: Blood flow is indirectly proportional to the pressure gradient.

False

This value is calculated by taking the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures.

Pulse pressure

Force per unit area exerted on the wall of a blood vessel by the blood.

Blood pressure

Opposition to flow and is a measure of the amount of friction blood encounters.

Resistance

Deoxygenated blood from the cerebral hemispheres collects into sinuses, which drain into the __________.

Internal jugular veins

The union of the vertebral arteries form the __________.

Basilar artery

What is the medial superficial vein in the leg that can be used for IV administration?

Great saphenous vein

Blood returning to the heart flows from the common iliac veins into the _________.

Inferior vena cava

Which of the following branch off of the aortic arch? (Select all that apply.)

Left common carotid artery

Left subclavian artery

Brachiocephalic trunk

Which of the following supplies blood to the small intestine and majority of the large intestine?

Superior mesenteric artery

Which of the following are branches of the celiac trunk? (Select all that apply.)

Common hepatic artery

Left gastric artery

Splenic artery

The hepatic portal vein is formed by the union of the splenic vein and the _____________. (Select all that apply.)

Superior mesenteric vein

This system increases heart rate and cardiac contractility by constricting blood vessels.

Cardiovascular

This system activates renin to promote vasoconstriction, as well as aldosterone release to increase fluid retention.

Neuroendocrine

Karen has a severe peanut allergy. When she is exposed to this allergen, she is at risk for anaphylaxis, which causes systemic vasodilation.

Distributive

Ernie with a 40-pack/year smoke history was seen in the ED for shortness of breath and chest pain. A pulmonary embolus was found on CT scan.

Obstructive

Pearl was admitted for a myocardiac infarction (heart attack) and found to have near occulsion of the right anterior descending artery.

Cardiogenic

Bert has a GI bleed from diverticular disease

Hypovolemic

Pressure-sensitive receptors on blood vessel walls and the heart:

Baroreceptors

What converts angiotensinogen to angiotensinogen 1?

Renin

Angiotensin II is a potent:

Vasoconstrictor

Angiotensin II stimulates the adrenal gland to produce:

Aldosterone

Hypovolemic, cardiogenic, and obstructive are referred to as "cold" shocks because patients exhibit cold, clammy extremities. Why would this be the case?

Peripheral vasoconstriction

The cardiovascular centers located in the ______ provide neurological regulation of blood pressure and flow.

Medulla oblongata

Baroreceptors are specialized receptors that:

Respond to the degree of stretch caused by the presence of blood

Which of the following tissues maintains a constant supply of blood regardless of the individual's activity?

Brain

Full dilation of arterioles requires stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system?

False

Sodium retention to increase BV.

Aldosterone

Vasoconstriction to increase BP.

Epinephrine

Inhibit the RAAS hormones to lower blood pressure.

ANP

Vasoconstriction and water reabsorption to increase BV and BP.

Angiotensin II

Increases water reabsorption to increase BV.      

ADH

Increases RBC production to increase BV

Erythropoietin

Lower blood pressure decreases the degree of stretch in baroreceptors and slows the rate of firing?

True

Which of the following would occur during a hemorrhage?

Systemic vasoconstriction

Release of ADH

What distinguishes arterioles from other types of arteries in the arterial system?

They are primarily involved in the resistance and regulation of blood pressure due to their ability to adjust the lumen diameter.

Which type of capillary is characterized by having pores in the endothelial lining, making it permeable to larger molecules?

Fenestrated capillaries

The most common type of capillary, found in almost all vascularized tissues, is the _____________ capillary, which is characterized by a complete endothelial lining with tight junctions between endothelial cells.

Continuous

If the blood volume increases then ___________.

Net filtration pressure increases

Blood hydrostatic pressure increases

The diameter of blood vessels most directly affects which factor influencing blood pressure?

Peripheral resistance

How is the mean arterial pressure (MAP) approximated based on systolic and diastolic pressures?

MAP is approximated by adding the diastolic pressure to one-third of the pulse pressure.

What is the role of plasma proteins in capillary exchange?

They contribute to the blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) and attract water into the capillaries.

Net filtration pressure (NFP) is positive when reabsorption is occuring, indicating a net movement of fluid into the capillary.

False

Blood volume and blood pressure are inversely correlated.

False

How does the skin's circulation contribute to thermoregulation in cold conditions?

By inducing vasoconstriction to conserve heat.

What is the function of the ductus arteriosus in fetal circulation?

It diverts blood from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta.

What triggers the closure of the foramen ovale after birth?

The first breath of the newborn, increasing blood pressure in the atria.

Cerebral autoregulation helps maintain a constant blood flow to the brain despite fluctuations in systemic blood pressure.

True

Which of the following is an immediate treatment priority for a patient in hypovolemic shock?

Restoring normal fluid levels with intravenous blood or fluids.

What is the most common cause of obstructive shock?

Pulmonary embolism