anura

0.0(0)

Studied by 4 people

Call Kai

Learn

Practice Test

Spaced Repetition

Match

Flashcards

Knowt Play

Card Sorting

1/49

There's no tags or description

Looks like no tags are added yet.

Last updated 6:13 PM on 4/5/26

Name	Mastery	Learn	Test	Matching	Spaced	Call with Kai

No analytics yet

Send a link to your students to track their progress

50 Terms

New cards

Anuran Synapomorphies

No tail

Ankle elongated

Reduced number of vertebra (8-9)

No teeth on lower jaw

Mating calls

New cards

Neobatrachia

New frogs

~6,300 species

New cards

Archaeobatrachia

Ancient frogs

264 species

New cards

Ascaphidae

Frog family

Archaeobatrachia

1 genus, 2 species

Pacific Northwest

“Tailed frog” *

No calls

Tadpoles have sucker mouth

New cards

Leiopelmatidae

Frog family

Archaeobatrachia

1 genus, 3 species

New Zealand

Long lifespan

Complex parental care

New cards

Ascaphidae + Leiopelmatidae Synapomorphies

9 presacral vertebrae (all other frogs have less)

Ribs (all other frogs lack ribs)

New cards

Bombinatoridae

Frog family

Archaeobatrachia

2 genera: Bombina + Barbaroula

New cards

Bombina

Frog genera

Bombinatoridae family

Archaeobatrachia

Asia and Europe

Small

Aquatic egg-layers

Bright bellies *

“Fire belly toad”

“Unken reflex” - show off belly

<p>Frog genera</p><p>Bombinatoridae family</p><p>Archaeobatrachia </p><p>Asia and Europe</p><p>Small</p><p>Aquatic egg-layers</p><p>Bright bellies *</p><p>“Fire belly toad”</p><p>“Unken reflex” - show off belly</p>

New cards

Barbourula

Frog genera

Bombinatoridae family

Archaeobatrachia

2 species

Very rare

Large

Aquatic

Reduced lungs

Tropical

New cards

Alytidae

Frog family

Archaeobatrachia

3 genera

Temperate Europe, Middle East, North Africa

Alytes: Midwife toad, terrestrial, use burrows, male parental care

Discoglossus: Painted frog, aquatic

Latonia nigriventer: first amphibian declared extinct (later rediscovered)

New cards

Pipoidea

Frog Clade

Archaeobatrachia

2 extant families: Rhinophrynidae + Pipidae

Africa, Central and South America

Similar tadpoles in both

Rhinophrynus: burrowing

Pipidae : aquatic

New cards

Rhinophrynidae

Frog family

Pipoidea Clade

Archaeobatrachia

1 genus, 1 species

South Texas to Central America

Terrestrial burrowing

Ant specialist *

New cards

Pipidae

Frog family

Pipoidea Clare

Archaeobatrachia

4 genera, 14 species

Africa and South America

Aquatic

Some have direct development

“African clawed frog”

Flattened body, splayed limbs *

No tongue *

Claws on toes

Lateral line system

Call and hear underwater

<p>Frog family</p><p>Pipoidea Clare</p><p>Archaeobatrachia </p><p>4 genera, 14 species </p><p>Africa and South America </p><p>Aquatic </p><p>Some have direct development</p><p>“African clawed frog” </p><p>Flattened body, splayed limbs *</p><p>No tongue *</p><p>Claws on toes</p><p>Lateral line system </p><p>Call and hear underwater</p>

New cards

African Clawed Frog

Pipidae family

Pipoidea clade

Archaeobatrachia

Widely used in research *

New cards

Pipa pipa

Pipidae family

Pipoidea clade

Archaeobatrachia

Direct development

Eggs hatch on back

New cards

Pelobatoidea

Frog superfamily

Has 4 families:

Pelobatidae

Scalhiopodidae

Pelodytidae

Megophryidae

New cards

Pelobatidae + Scaphiopodidae

Frog families

Pelobatoidea Superfamily

Archaeobatrachia

“Spadefoot toads” *

Burrowing

Have tadpoles

Scaphiopodidae: 2 genera, North America, (scaphiopus + spea)

Pelobatidae: 1 genus, Europe

New cards

Scaphiopodidae

Frog family

Pelobatoidea Superfamily

Archaeobatrachia

Some American spaceports occur in extreme desert, may stay buried

Tadpoles of S. couchii may hatch and metamorphose in less than 1 week

Some Spea have a killer cannibal morph

<p>Frog family</p><p>Pelobatoidea Superfamily</p><p>Archaeobatrachia</p><p>Some American spaceports occur in extreme desert, may stay buried</p><p>Tadpoles of S. couchii may hatch and metamorphose in less than 1 week</p><p>Some Spea have a killer cannibal morph</p>

New cards

Pelodytidae

Frog family

Pelobatoidea Superfamily

Archaeobatrachia

“Parsley Frog

1 genus, 5 species

Europ and SW Asia

Terrestrial

Have tadpoles

Nocturnal

<p>Frog family</p><p>Pelobatoidea Superfamily</p><p>Archaeobatrachia</p><p>“Parsley Frog</p><p>1 genus, 5 species</p><p>Europ and SW Asia</p><p>Terrestrial </p><p>Have tadpoles </p><p>Nocturnal </p>

New cards

Megophryidae

Frog family

Pelobatoidea Superfamily

Archaeobatrachia

14 genera, 316 species, all in tropical Asia

Terrestrial

Have tadpoles with sucker mouths to help cling to rocks *

New cards

Neobatrachia Synapomorphies

Frog suborder

“Advanced frogs”

Neopalatine bone in skull *

Wrist bone fused to other wrist bones

Two muscle characters

Round or elliptical pupils (instead of vertical)

Axillary amplexus (grabs behind forelimb instead of waist)

<p>Frog suborder </p><p>“Advanced frogs”</p><p>Neopalatine bone in skull *</p><p>Wrist bone fused to other wrist bones</p><p>Two muscle characters </p><p>Round or elliptical pupils (instead of vertical)</p><p>Axillary amplexus (grabs behind forelimb instead of waist)</p>

New cards

Heleophrynidae

Frog family

Neobratrachia

1 genus, 7 species

Mountain streams in South Africa

Aquatic tadpoles

New cards

Sooglossidae

Frog family

Neobatrachia

2 genera, 4 species

Seychelles Islands

Terrestrial

Some tiny

Some have direct development and parental care

One species has non feeding tadpoles that travel on males back

<p>Frog family </p><p>Neobatrachia </p><p>2 genera, 4 species</p><p>Seychelles Islands</p><p>Terrestrial</p><p>Some tiny</p><p>Some have direct development and parental care</p><p>One species has non feeding tadpoles that travel on males back </p>

New cards

Nasilabatrachidae

Frog family

Neobatrachia

Reported in 2003

1 genus, 2 species

Burrowing

Purple frog

New cards

Calyptocephalellidae

Frog family

Neobatrachia

2 genera, 5 species

“False toads” of Chile

New cards

Myobatrachidae

Frog family

Neobatrachia

21 genera, 131 species

Australia and New Guinea

“Australian water frogs”

Mostly terrestrial or burrowing

Reproductive modes depend on which subfamily

New cards

Myobatrachidae: subfamily limnodynastinae reproductive mode

Many species make foam nest

New cards

Myobatrachidae: subfamily myobatrachinae reproductive mode

Many species have direct development

Australian pouched frog has hip pockets for tadpoles (male parental care)

One recently extinct species brooded eggs in stomach

New cards

Hyloidea

Frog superfamily

19 families

Lack any morphological Synapomorphies

New cards

Ceratophryidae

Frog family

Hyloidea superfamily

3 genera, 12 species

Tropical South America

Pac-Man frog *

Frog eating carnivores

Big carnivorous tadpoles

New cards

Leptodactylidae

Frog family

Hyloidea superfamily

13 genera, 239 species

South America and South Texas

Most terrestrial or aquatic

Foam nests, some have direct development

New cards

Telmatobiidae

frog family

1 genus, 63 species

South America

Most temperate

Many species are aquatic, one breathes mostly through its skin

New cards

Hylidae

Frog family

Hyloidea superfamily

“Treefrogs”

52 genera, 1057 species *

World wide

Most arboreal; a few aquatic, some are terrestrial

New cards

Casque-headed TreeFrogs

Spiny skull that can help administer toxin

New cards

Hemiphractidae

Frog family

Hyloidea superorder

6 genera, 123 species

“Marsupial treefrogs”

Almost all found in tropical South America

Mostly arboreal

Most have direct development

Eggs placed on females back *

In two species there is a pouch in the back

<p>Frog family</p><p>Hyloidea superorder</p><p>6 genera, 123 species</p><p>“Marsupial treefrogs”</p><p>Almost all found in tropical South America</p><p>Mostly arboreal </p><p>Most have direct development </p><p>Eggs placed on females back *</p><p>In two species there is a pouch in the back</p>

New cards

Centrolenidae

Frog family

Hyloidea superfamily

“Glass frogs” *

See through skin

South and Middle America

Small

Many genera have males with humoral spines

Use these spines to engage in combat for females

<p>Frog family </p><p>Hyloidea superfamily</p><p>“Glass frogs” *</p><p>See through skin</p><p>South and Middle America</p><p>Small</p><p>Many genera have males with humoral spines</p><p>Use these spines to engage in combat for females</p><p></p>

New cards

Bufonidae

Frog family

Hyloidea superfamily

54 genera, 652 species

“Toads” *

World wide

Evolved in South America

Lack teeth *

Most terrestrial

Most have tadpoles, a few have direct development, one genus is viviparous

Toxins for defense in many *

<p>Frog family </p><p>Hyloidea superfamily </p><p>54 genera, 652 species</p><p>“Toads” *</p><p>World wide</p><p>Evolved in South America</p><p>Lack teeth *</p><p>Most terrestrial</p><p>Most have tadpoles, a few have direct development, one genus is viviparous</p><p>Toxins for defense in many *</p><p></p>

New cards

Dendrobatidae

Frog family

Hyloidea superfamily

“Poison-arrow frogs” *

South America

Terrestrial or semi-arboreal

Typically lay eggs on land

Tadpoles carried on back to water *

Parental care

Aposematic coloration in many *

Toxic *

<p>Frog family </p><p>Hyloidea superfamily</p><p>“Poison-arrow frogs” *</p><p>South America</p><p>Terrestrial or semi-arboreal</p><p>Typically lay eggs on land</p><p>Tadpoles carried on back to water *</p><p>Parental care</p><p>Aposematic coloration in many *</p><p>Toxic *</p><p></p><p></p>

New cards

Brachycephalidae, Ceuthomantidae, Craugastoridae, + Eleutherodactylidae

Hyloidea frog families

Many species! *

Over 1,000 species across all four families

Mostly South and Middle America

All have direct development *

New cards

Ranoidea

Frog superfamily

Neobatrachia

18 families total

Highly modified pectoral girdle*

Most in Old World but two families have some species in New World

Firmisternal pectoral girdle *

New cards

Ranidae

Frog family

Ranoidea superfamily

25 genera, 458 species

Worldwide

Mostly aquatic, semi-aquatic, torrential, or terrestrial

Most have tadpoles

New cards

Microhylidae

Frog family

Ranoidea superfamily

59 genera, 745 species

Nearly worldwide

Very diverse

Terrestrial, arboreal or fossorial

Body form is generally conserved

Tadpoles or direct development

<p>Frog family </p><p>Ranoidea superfamily</p><p>59 genera, 745 species </p><p>Nearly worldwide</p><p>Very diverse</p><p>Terrestrial, arboreal or fossorial </p><p>Body form is generally conserved </p><p>Tadpoles or direct development </p>

New cards

Conrauidae

frog family

Ranoidea superfamily

1 genus, 8 species

Largest frogs in the world! *

Africa

New cards

Pixiecephalidae

Frog family

Ranoidea superfamily

12 genera, 88 species

African Aquatic Frogs

Includes African bullfrog “pixie frog”

New cards

Rhacophoridae

Frog family

Ranoidea superfamily

22 genera, 443 species

Tropical treefrogs of Asia, one genus extends to Africa

Many have foam nests in trees over water

Some have direct development

Some species in Asia have webbed feet and can glide *

<p>Frog family</p><p>Ranoidea superfamily</p><p>22 genera, 443 species</p><p>Tropical treefrogs of Asia, one genus extends to Africa</p><p>Many have foam nests in trees over water</p><p>Some have direct development</p><p>Some species in Asia have webbed feet and can glide *</p><p></p>

New cards

Mantellidae

Frog family

Ranoidea superfamily

12 genera, 272 species

Madagascar

Terrestrial, aquatic, arboreal and fossorial

Includes tadpoles and direct developers

One genus has toxins and aposematic coloration

<p>Frog family </p><p>Ranoidea superfamily </p><p>12 genera, 272 species</p><p>Madagascar</p><p>Terrestrial, aquatic, arboreal and fossorial</p><p>Includes tadpoles and direct developers</p><p>One genus has toxins and aposematic coloration</p><p></p>

New cards

Hyperoliidae

Frog family

Ranoidea superfamily

17 genera, 236 species

Tropical treefrogs of Africa, one genus terrestrial

Most lay eggs in water

One genus glues leaves around eggs

One species eats other frogs eggs

<p>Frog family </p><p>Ranoidea superfamily </p><p>17 genera, 236 species</p><p>Tropical treefrogs of Africa, one genus terrestrial </p><p>Most lay eggs in water </p><p>One genus glues leaves around eggs</p><p>One species eats other frogs eggs</p><p></p>

New cards

Hemisotidae

Frog family

Ranoidea superfamily

1 genus, 9 species

Burrowing frogs of tropical African savannahs

Burrow headfirst *

Tadpoles and parental care

New cards

Inguinal amplexus

Archaeobatrachia

Male grabs female around waist

New cards

Axillary amplexus

Neobatrachia

Male grabs female behind forelimbs