Ch. 8 (intro)

anterior/ ventral

front

posterior/ dorsal

back

superior/ cephalic/ cranial

toward the head

inferior/ caudal

toward the feet

medial

middle

lateral

away from the midline

proximal

toward the origin

distal

farther from the point of attachment

superficial

closer to the surface

deep

away from the surface

ipsilateral

on the same side of the body

contralateral

on the opposite side of the body

supine

lying on the back

prone

lying on the front

lateral

lying on the side

oblique

diagonal alignment

right anterior oblique

right side of the chest is against the bed and rest of the body is twisted

left anterior oblique

left side of the chest is against the bed and rest of the body is twisted

right posterior oblique

lying on back and rotated 45 degrees towards right side

left posterior oblique

lying on back and rotated 45 degrees towards left side

transducer/ probe

obtains image of the human body using ultrasound

pulse echo principle

crystal in transducer produces ultrasound wave that goes through the body and the strength of the wave shows on the system monitor

acoustic gel

lubricant for manipulation and allows ultrasound waves to pass

what should transducers that go inside the body be cleaned with

glutaraldehyde based solution

acoustic window

location on the body for placement of probe

scanning plane

transducers orientation to relation of the body

brightness/ B mode

brightness of dots relates to the strength of echo

amplitude/ A mode

displays strength of echoes as spikes on scale

doppler technology

detects and visualizes movement

(CW) continuous wave doppler

2 crystals are sent out, one sends sound out while the other listens to the returning echo

(PW) pulsed wave doppler

allows you to select the depth of the image

CDI color doppler imaging

color representation

power doppler

focus on strength of doppler shift, used to show low blood flow, can’t show direction

knobology

study of knobs and functionality of controls

acoustic/transmit power

determines the strength of the pulse transmitted into the body, describes measurement

annotation keys

labeling text, symbols, numbers

B color

colorizes images, enhances borders

body markers

drawing of area being scanned in corner

cine loop

collection of images stored in system temporally before freeze was pressed, rewind

caliper

measures structure, measurement will show at the bottom of screen

color doppler

movement is assigned a color depending on direction

B color options

sepia, magenta, blue

image store/ print/ save

prints the image on screen and saves to hard drive

depth

varies the depth which echoes are displayed

decreasing depth

display of superficial structures

increasing depth

display of deeper structures

dual image

allows the screen to be split in 2 images, comparing normal to abnormal, provide measurements of structures in 2 planes

ellipse

measurement of round/circumference areas

where is ellipse mainly used

obstetric sonography

field of view is also know as

extended field of view

field of view/ extended field of view

allows the sonographer to adjust image to see most important area while making best use of image quality

zoom

increase pixel size, resulting in image degradation

HD is also know as

write zoom

HD zoom/ write zoom

a box is placed on the screen and within the box is expanded to fill the screen, true magnification

review

review images that have been saved during current exam

transducer button

activition of different transducers, sonographer can select the one of choice

multihertz

allows a choice of different sending frequencies from same transducer

overall gain

adjust the brightness or degree of echo amplification of the entire image

too much overall gain

fills in artificial echoes in areas where there should be none

too little overall gain

negates/ removes real echoes

what is overall gain measured in

decibels

time gain compensation (TGC)

compensates for the loss/ attenuation of the sound beam as passes through tissue

TGC can be controlled by

slide pot or digital TGC controls

slide pots

alter the brightness of an image at a specific depth

near gain

closest to the transducer, upper slide pots/ upper nob that adjust the TGC in the near field of image/ closest to the transducer face

far gain

farthest away from the transducer, lower slide pot/ lower knob that adjust the TGC in the far field of image/ farther away from transducer face

another way to say tissue equalization technology

premium view processing

tissue equalization technology/ premium view processing

allows for system controlled image optimization specific to the patients for B-mode and spectral dopppler

trace

trace the outline of the area and distance being measured

trackball/ joystick

controls the placement of the annotation cursor, movement of the calipers, tracing and cine loop

freeze

allows display data, real time image frames, to be started or stopped

M- mode/ motion mode

used to trace movements of cardiac tissue

pulsed wave doppler knob

activates the pulsed wave doppler which allows additional controls to be altered to adjust the sample volume, baseline, scale, and angle of insonation

caret arrow

indicates the location of the focal zone on the image

focal zone

improved resolution in the area of the image

focus knob

allows the movement of the zone to deep or shallow

multiple focus

can have more than one focal zone on the image

what is the downside to multiple focus

slows frame rate and therefore decreases temporal resolution

temporal resolution

the precision of a measurement with respect to time