Auditory System Quiz

Peripheral auditory system

outer ear, middle ear, inner ear

Central auditory system

vestibulocochlear nerve, brainstem, brain

location and function of Pinna

outer ear; sound localization

location and function of external auditory meatus

outer ear; amplifies sound

location and function of tympanic membrane

outer ear; converts acoustic energy to mechanical vibration

location and function of ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes)

middle ear; amplify and transmit vibration to inner ear

location and function of eustachian tube

middle ear; equalizes air pressure across tympanic membrane

Location and function of bony labyrinth

Inner ear; rigid outer structure

location and function of membranous labyrinth

inner ear; fluid-filled inner structure

location and function of semicircular canals

inner ear; rotational movement

locationa and function of vestibule

inner ear; head position

Cochlea

spiral-shaped structure; bone on the outside

Fluid-filled chambers in cochlea

scala vestibule: oval window at end

scala tympani: round window at end

scala media

energy transformation chain

acoustic, mechanical, hydraulic, electrochemical (neural)

Location and function of organ or corti

scala media (inner ear); generate neural impulse

What does organ of corti contain

1 row of Inner hair cells and 3 rows of outer hair cells

inner hair cells

primary sensory receptors-- send auditory info to brain

outer hair cells

cochlear amplifier

location of tectorial membrane

organ of corti; sits over hair cells

location and function of basilar membrane

Organ of corti vibrates and move hair cells

Basilar Membrane: Tonotopic organization

Base- high frequency

Apex- low frequency

How is hydraulic energy converted into neurochemical energy

The organ of Corti is located in the inner ear and functions mainly to trigger action potential and converts hydraulic energy into neurochemical energy.

What happens when stapes hits the oval window

vibrations travel through the cochlea and cause the basilar membrane to send action potentials directly to the brain.

Sound waves enter the ear and directly vibrate the tympanic membrane, what happens?

vibrations cause the ossicles to generate electrical signals that travel to the brain.

Afferent auditory pathways

cochlear nucleus, superior olivary complex (brainstem), inferior colliculus (midbrain), medial geniculate body (thalamus), posterior superior temporal gyrus (temporal lobe)

Memory Process

encoding, consolidation, retrieval

encoding

input of information

consolidation

saving information into long-term storage

retrieval

accessing stored info

Working memory

controlled by prefrontal cortex; limited capacity

STM

small amount of information for short period of time

Cognition

the mental process of knowing in which we acquire and act upon knowledge

General cognitive functions

perceiving, remembering, understand, judging, and reasoning

General cognitive functions: perceiving

noticing something with your senses

General cognitive functions: remembering

storing info gathered through perception

General cognitive functions: understanding

to know the meaning of info

judging

inform an opinion about the correctness of info

General cognitive functions: reasoning

to do something with the info (e.g. make an arguement)

attention

the ability to focus on a task

nonvolitional attention

involuntary, automatic; the conscious effort to focus on a task

volitional attention

voluntary; driven by external stimulus

attention types; sustained

focus on stimulus over a period of time

attention types; selective

focus on a stimulus while filtering out competing stimuli

attention type; alternating

shifting focus from one task to another and then back

attention type; divided

focus on two stimuli at the same time

neurology of attention

prefrontal cortex is involved in divided attention

ADHD

- chronic genetic condition characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity

attention disorders

stroke

Long term memory types

Declarative and non declarative

Declarative (explicit)

Hippocampus: sematic (facts), episodic (experiences)

Nondeclarative

Basal ganglia: procedural skills, cerebellum: motor learning, amygdala: emotional memory

Anterior cingulate cortex

Associated with verbal information

Posterior parietal cortex

associated with spatial location info

retrograde amnesia

cannot remember events prior to brain damage

anterograde amnesia

cannot later remember events that occur after brain damage

Dementia

Progressive decline in cognition due to

brain atrophy (neuron loss)

amyloid plaques (outside neurons)

neurofibrillary tangles (inside neurons)

Language

a rule of symbols used for communication

speech

complex motor behavior used to produce spoken language through rapid, coordinated movement

speech language processes:

1. cognitive linguistic processes

understand, producing, acquiring language; neural representation of words and meaning

speech language processes:

2. motor speech programming

plans and organizes movements for speech

- selecting motor commands, timing of movements

speech language processes:

3. neuromuscular execution

carries out speech movements

Motor cortex sending signals

Corticobulbar tract carrying signals to cranial nerves

Cranial nerves activating muscles for respiration, phonation, articulation

Broca's area location and function

planning and organizing speech; area 44 and 45

motor strip

precentral gyrus area 4; activation. ofmuscles for articulation

arcuate fasciculus

transfers language information

Wernicke's area

language comprehension

angular gyrus

reading and writing and links visual and auditory information with meaning

supramarginal gyrus

writing and phonological word processing

left perisylvian network

supports comprehension and production

inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus (network)

semantic processing and higher level language integration

frontal aslant tract (Network)

speech initation and verbal fluency

Right hemisphere (network)

pragmatics and emotional prosody

oral production pathway

1. prefrontal cortex

2. broca's area

3. motor cortex

4. corticobulbar tract

5. cranial nerves

6. speech muscles

auditory comprehension pathway

1. cochlea

2. brainstem

3. inferior colliculus

4. primary auditory cortex

5. wernicke area

6. broca's area

Visual comprehension pathway

1. eye

2. visual cortex

3. dorsal and ventral stream

4. angular gyrus

5. wernickes

6. brocas

written expression

1. prefrontal cortex

2. brocas area

3. supramarginal gyrus

4. motor cortex

Aphasia

language disorder caused by brain damage in left hemisphere

Broca's aphasia

left hemisphere and characteristics is Effortful speech, Telegraphic speech, anomia

wernicke's aphasia

difficulty understanding spoken language, but have fluent speech

global aphasia

extensive left hemisphere damage

All language modalities are severely impairedSome automatic speech

Conduction aphasia

associated with lesions in

Arcuate fasciculus

Severe impairment in repetition

Comprehension only slightly impaired

Which structure is responsible for connecting Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas?

arcuate fasciculus

Default network mode is which type of attention

mind drifting, thinking about past and future

amyloid plaque

abnormal proteins clustered around neurons, affecting neuron function

Metacognition

brain monitoring what you are doing, thinking, and your cognitive processes

T/F The supramarginal gyrus is involved in writing and phonological/articulatory word processing.

True

anomia

inability to recall the names of everyday objects/words

T/F The corticobulbar tract connects the cerebral cortex to the cranial nerve nuclei

True

T/F The primary region of the default mode network is the bilateral network

True

Neuromuscular Execution Process

the actual execution of verbal speech using articulation signals.

alexia

inability to understand written language