exam5 bio112

General Characteristics, Exclusively marine; adults show radial symmetry; larvae bilateral symmetry; triploblastic; true coelom; tube feet; water vascular system; deuterostomes; skin covered in CaCO₃ plates; “spiny skin”

Endoskeleton, Epidermis covers skeleton; CaCO₃ plates connected by ossicles; porous endoskeleton

Water vascular system, Hydraulic system used for locomotion and feeding; water enters through madreporite; ring canal distributes water; tube feet regulate movement

Digestive system (Echinoderms), Complete digestive system; mouth on oral side; anus on aboral side; some species evert stomach into prey

Nervous system (Echinoderms), Nerve ring with radial nerves extending down each arm

Reproduction (Echinoderms), Sexual reproduction with separate sexes; mostly external fertilization; some fragmentation/regeneration

Class Crinoidea, Sea lilies and feather stars; sessile or free-swimming; feather-like appearance; filter feeders

Class Asteroidea, Sea stars; arms merge with central disc; carnivorous; can regenerate arms

Class Ophiuroidea, Brittle stars; highly mobile; tube feet lack suckers; central disc distinct from arms

Class Echinoidea, Sea urchins and sand dollars; tube feet in rows; Aristotle’s lantern present

Class Holothuroidea, Sea cucumbers; leathery skin; elongated body; tentacles around mouth

General Characteristics (Chordata), Triploblastic; deuterostomes; bilateral symmetry; occupy most habitats; highly advanced

Notochord, Flexible supporting rod present during development; replaced by vertebral column in vertebrates

Nerve cord, Hollow dorsal nerve cord protected by vertebrae

Pharyngeal slits, Openings in pharynx used in filter feeding and respiration

Postanal tail, Tail extending beyond anus used for movement and muscle attachment

Advanced systems (Chordata), Complete digestive system; closed circulatory system; ventral heart; endoskeleton; cephalization

Subphylum Urochordata, Tunicates/sea squirts; larvae resemble chordates; adults sessile; filter feeders

Subphylum Cephalochordata, Lancelets; retain all chordate traits as adults; filter feeders

Subphylum Vertebrata, Vertebral column encloses nerve cord; cranium protects brain

Fins, Used for stabilization and movement; paired fins are pectoral and pelvic; unpaired fins are dorsal, caudal, anal

Tail types, Heterocercal and homocercal tails

Epidermal scales, Placoid; cycloid; ctenoid; ganoid

Swim bladder, Organ controlling buoyancy

Lateral line, Detects changes in water flow

Respiration (Fish), Gills with countercurrent exchange

Circulation (Fish), Two-chambered heart with single circulation

Metabolism (Fish), Ectothermic

Skeleton (Fish), Made of cartilage or bone

Reproduction (Fish), External fertilization common; oviparous, ovoviviparous, or viviparous

Class Agnatha, Jawless fish including lampreys and hagfish; no paired fins

Class Chondrichthyes, Sharks, skates, and rays; cartilaginous skeleton; placoid scales

Class Osteichthyes, Bony fish with swim bladder and operculum

Class Amphibia, Amphibians with aquatic larvae and terrestrial adults

Double life, Aquatic larval stage and terrestrial adult stage

Skin adaptations (Amphibians), Thin moist skin with poison glands

Tympanic membrane, Structure used for hearing

Metamorphosis, Tadpole transforms into adult

Tetrapods, Four-limbed vertebrates

Respiration (Amphibians), Larvae use gills; adults use lungs and skin

Circulation (Amphibians), Three-chambered heart

Metabolism (Amphibians), Ectothermic

Hibernation, Winter dormancy

Estivation, Summer dormancy

Amplexus, Male grasps female during reproduction

Vocalizations (Amphibians), Used to attract mates

Order Anura, Frogs and toads; tailless adults with long hind legs

Order Caudata, Salamanders and newts; retain tails

Order Gymnophiona, Caecilians; legless burrowing amphibians

Class Reptilia, Reptiles adapted for terrestrial life

Amniotic egg, Shelled egg allowing reproduction away from water

Skin (Reptiles), Dry scaly keratinized skin

Structural adaptations (Reptiles), Strong skeleton and claws

Sensory (Reptiles), Good vision and smell; Jacobson’s organ in some

Respiration (Reptiles), Lungs only

Circulation (Reptiles), Usually three-chambered heart; crocodilians have four chambers

Metabolism (Reptiles), Ectothermic

Reproduction (Reptiles), Internal fertilization; mostly oviparous

Order Testudines, Turtles and tortoises with shells

Order Squamata, Lizards and snakes; largest reptile order

Order Crocodylia, Crocodiles and alligators

Order Sphenodonta, Tuatara found in New Zealand

Birds – Class Reptilia, Endothermic vertebrates with feathers and adaptations for flight

Feathers, Used for flight and insulation

Structural adaptations (Birds), Hollow bones; keeled sternum; wings

Sensory (Birds), Excellent vision

Respiration (Birds), Air sacs with one-way airflow

Circulation (Birds), Four-chambered heart

Metabolism (Birds), Endothermic

Reproduction (Birds), Hard-shelled eggs and internal fertilization

Infraclass Eoaves, Flightless birds

Infraclass Neoaves, Flying birds

Class Mammalia, Mammals with hair and mammary glands

Hair, Used for insulation and sensory functions

Glands (Mammals), Sweat glands, mammary glands, sebaceous glands

Structural adaptations (Mammals), Heterodont teeth and diaphragm

Sensory (Mammals), Highly developed brain and external ears

Respiration (Mammals), Lungs with alveoli

Circulation (Mammals), Four-chambered heart

Metabolism (Mammals), Endothermic

Reproduction (Mammals), Internal fertilization; mostly viviparous

Subclass Prototheria, Monotremes such as platypus and echidna; egg-laying mammals

Infraclass Metatheria, Marsupials/pouched mammals

Infraclass Eutheria, Placental mammals including humans

Population, Group of organisms of the same species occupying a particular space

Population size, Number of individuals contributing to the gene pool

Crude density, Number of individuals per total area

Ecological density, Number of individuals per preferred habitat

Spatial dispersion, Amount of space between individuals

Clumped dispersion, Individuals occur in groups around resources

Uniform dispersion, Individuals evenly spaced due to territoriality/competition

Random dispersion, No apparent order or spacing

Temporal dispersion, Dispersion through time such as seasonal or daily

Movement, Encourages gene flow and increases fitness

Emigration, Permanent movement out of a population

Immigration, Permanent movement into a population

Migration, Temporary movement often seasonal or annual

Population demography, Population statistics and characteristics

Age structure, Distribution of ages in a population

Age pyramids, Graphs showing age distribution in a population