Reinforcements

Escape

________ reduces duration of negative reinforcement.

R

________- reinforcement by removing: Behavior occurs to end or avoid the reinforcer.

Reinforcement

________ is not static- it changes over time.

Individualize

________ and customize the tokens so that they are identifiable as belonging to a particular client and can not be reprodued.

Behavior

________ can be looked at in terms of two other variables-- those that happen immediately before the ________ is emitted, and those that happen immediately after.

gradual decrease

Token depression: (________ in prices of back reinforcers) due to clients earning too few tokens (too strict ?)

Rationale

________: saves time, easier than 25 individual economies, takes advantage of models, quick change in group dynamics, can include sub- economies.

Bribery vs Positive Reinforcement

________: In bribery, incentive is offered before task is assigned.

Reinforcement

________ can involve: the presentation or removal of any of stimulus.

Reinforcement

________: Increases the probability of a behavior being repeated.

Behavior can be looked at in terms of two other variables-

those that happen immediately before the behavior is emitted, and those that happen immediately after

Reinforcement

Strengthens behavior

R+

Positive reinforcement

Reinforcement

Increases the probability of a behavior being repeated

Think of Reinforcement as

reinforced concrete

Remember this about reinforcement

behavior MUST get stronger

Two types of reinforcers

primary and secondary

Primary reinforcers

Food, water/drink, loud siren, shock, cold

Secondary reinforcers

paychecks, toys, praise, awards

Reinforcement can involve

the presentation or removal of any of stimulus

Two Ways to Reinforce Behavior

adding or removing a stimulus

Add a stimulus (+)

After the behavior, you give the child something

The most popular type of reinforcement

is positive reinforcement

Most pleasant type of reinforcement

positive reinforcement

Most successful type of reinforcement (without the negative side effects)

is positive reinforcement

Most common reinforcement includes praise, smiles, and paychecks

positive reinforcement

Reinforcement by removing

BEHAVIOR STILL INCREASES

Examples of negative reinforcement

buzzes, alarm clock

Effective reinforcing

Assess immediately before teaching, immediacy, avoid satiation/provide novelty, permit sampling, remove competing contingencies, use appropriate reinforcer schedule for your goal, pair with natural reinforcers/setting events, reinforcer cannot interfere with task

Bribery vs Positive Reinforcement

In bribery, incentive is offered before task is assigned

Reinforcement is not static

it changes over time

Rationale

saves time, easier than 25 individual economies, takes advantage of models, quick change in group dynamics, can include sub-economies

Rationale saves

time

Rationale is easier than

25 individual economies

Rationale takes advantage of

models

Rationale can result in

quick change in group dynamics

Rationale can include

sub-economies

Ethical Considerations of reinforcements

peer pressure, scapegoating, effects of individuals on group outcomes masked, performance trends of individuals masked, can lead to accepting ineffective intervention

Haggling, arguments, and complaints; clients may attempt to get unearned tokens or backup reinforcers for which they have insufficient tokens

IGNORE THESE

Token inflation

(gradual increase in prices of backup reinforcers) due to clients earning too many tokens (too lenient?)

Token depression

(gradual decrease in prices of back reinforcers) due to clients earning too few tokens (too strict?)

Confusion in token economy possibly due to

the program being too complex

Hoarding

(failure to exchange tokens)

For hoarding, following token exchange, clients should

lose all unspent tokens