chapter 3 BSC 1005

What is an organic molecule?

A molecule that contains carbon and hydrogen atoms.

Which atoms must be present in an organic molecule?

Carbon and hydrogen.

What defines an inorganic molecule?

A molecule that does not contain both carbon and hydrogen.

Give an example of an inorganic molecule.

Water (H2O) or table salt (NaCl).

What is a monomer?

A single building block of a biological molecule.

What is a polymer?

A molecule made up of multiple monomers joined together.

What is dehydration synthesis?

A reaction that removes water to build polymers from monomers.

What is hydrolysis?

A reaction that adds water to break down polymers into monomers.

What are the four main types of biological molecules?

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

What is the monomer of carbohydrates?

Monosaccharides.

What is the polymer of carbohydrates?

Polysaccharides.

What is the primary function of lipids?

Long-term energy storage.

What are the monomers of proteins?

Amino acids.

What is the polymer of proteins?

Polypeptide.

What is a nucleotide?

The monomer of nucleic acids.

What are the two types of nucleic acids?

DNA and RNA.

What type of bond connects amino acids in a protein?

Peptide bond.

Define functional groups in organic molecules.

Specific groups of atoms attached to a carbon skeleton that determine the reactivity and characteristics of the molecule.

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?

Saturated fats have no double bonds in their carbon chains, while unsaturated fats have one or more double bonds.

Define hydrophobic.

Substances that repel water.

Define hydrophilic.

Substances that are attracted to water.

What is the structural difference between DNA and RNA?

DNA is double-stranded, while RNA is single-stranded.

What is the complementary base pair for adenine in DNA?

Thymine.

What is the complementary base pair for cytosine in DNA?

Guanine.

What is the functional role of enzymes?

To speed up chemical reactions in the body.

What is the term for a molecule with the same formula but different structures?

Isomers.

What determines the reactivity of an organic molecule?

The attached functional groups.

Why is carbon considered a versatile element in organic chemistry?

It can form various shapes and structures by bonding with different elements.

What is a glycosyl?

A component of triglycerides made from three fatty acids and glycerol.

What is the sugar backbone in nucleotides?

A carbon sugar (ribose in RNA and deoxyribose in DNA).