chapter 3 BSC 1005

S of life, organic molecules, What is an organic molecule?

There's organic ones, and there's inorganic ones.

Organic molecules, no matter what they are, they have some atoms of carbon and hydrogen in them, okay?

So they have to have carbon and hydrogen, if it has only carbon in it, but no hydrogen, it's not organic or if it has only hydrogen, no carbon, it's not organic, okay?

Inorganic molecules do not contain carbon or hydrogen, carbon and hydrogen together.

For example, water, H2O, that has hydrogen in it, but there's no carbon, so it's not organic.

The table salt doesn't have carbon or hydroggen, so it's not organic, okay?

Organic molecules are important because these are the ones that are mostly found in our bodies and all of the molecules that we're going to go through today are in the category of organic molecules, okay?

Some more examples in this little chart this little figure here, DNA is organic, shirkers organic, methane, ethanol, things like that.

Inorganic, like I said, table salt, some types of acids, quartz, like, um ..

It's like a type of, I can't think of the word gemstone, I guess.

Carbon dioxide, et cetera.

Okay?

You don't have to know all these examples as just like for you to better understand.

Okay.

So organic molecules, that's the main thing you have to know.

They can have to contain carbon and hydrogen.

It's not just carbon and hydrogen, it's not CH or HC or whatever .

It could be, you know, just containing those two.

It can have other compounds as well, attached.

So the carbon atom, this is the last little bit of chemistry, I promise.

We're just gonna talk about the carbon atom because it is integral, it is extremely important, and kind of defines organic molecules and life in general.

It's very important in biology.

So carbon atoms have a total of six electrons.

Okay, so it has this is a little depiction of the carbon atom and it has two electrons and it's inner shell.

Remember, we covered that last class and it has four electrons in the outer shell.

Is anyone remind me to be most stable, how many electrons does an atom want to have on the valence shell or the outer shell?

Eight, eight?

E Eight, awesome.

Good job, guys.

Oh, it needs four more to complete that outer shelf.

So, carbon is usually gonna be sharing electrons with hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and other carbons, okay?

Carbon is usually pretty stable , so it is usually combining with another element, okay?

Those are the four that they usually binds with and actually the combination of these all of these makeup most of the weight of living things of living organisms.

So most of living things , bodies are composed of hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon, okay, in terms of elements.

So when carbon shares an electron with another carbon, it forms a stable carbon carbon, single bond, okay?

That's just. Just know that carbon, you know, bonds are stable, okay?

Um, because it can share those electrons and have eight in the outer shop.

Okay, so the main takeaway from this are been, is typically going to bind with hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and other carbons.

Okay, and that makes up most of the weight of living organisms.

I will be testing you on that.

So make sure that you know what carbon usually binds with.

So, carbon is made up, it makes up most of our, you know, organic body composition, and it's really important and a big player in living organisms because of its nature.

It's very versatile in that it can form a variety of molecule shapes, different structures, and it can perform different functions, okay?

So, for example, all of these are carbon structures, but they're attached to different things in different shapes in different .

What's the word?

Structure, or shape?

Yeahond.

So technically all of these carbons are bonded with a hydrogen, right?

There's no other element here.

It's just hydrogens.

Carbon is the sea, and the hydrogen is the H, but you can see the very structures that these are.

And something an isomer is a molecule with different structures, so, like you see here, but they have the same combination of atoms, okay?

Which means , like, I just said, Excuse me.

Harbin and hydrogen, that's the same combination of atoms.

All four of these have the same combination of atoms.

They're all technically isomers because they have carbon and hydrogen only, but you can see how some are double bonded in an area.

Some are single bonded in an area, some form rings.

So it's very versatile and very diverse, so that's what you should know about the carbon app .

Okay.

So the carbon skeleton, in terms of functional groups, I'll tell you right now, you do not have to memorize all of these, okay?

These are just some examples of a functional group , and functional groups are basically groups that are attached to a cardon skeleton, okay?

So if you guys see thisR here, you guys see thisR that's in all of the structure photos here.

That means the remainder of the molecule.

So that means there's more that's attached to it including the carbon skeleton.

But this little structure that is the functional group that can be attached to other things, okay?

Functional groups are important because please write this down.

The reactivity of an organic molecule is dependent on the attached functional group, okay?

It's it's an important concept.

These functional groups can help give molecules and give, yeah, give organic molecules their characteristics.

It can give them their reactivities, it can give them their functions, okay?

So all of these are different and they can make different molecules, basically.

So these functional groups are a certain combination of atoms, and they're always going to have the same chemical properties.

So they have certain reactivities and certain yeah, characteristics, basically.

So whatever they attach to is going to give that molecule that specific characteristic, okay?

And this helps determine the chemical properties of other organic molecules.

So, for example, let's look at this one.

Carboxol , okay?

That's what it looks like.

You don't have to memorize it.

Don't worry.

But where is it found in?

It's found in amino acids and it's found in fatty acids.

We're gonna learn about those today.

Amino acids are in protein and fatty acids are in liquid.

Okay?

I like amino acids is in nucleic acids.

Sorry.

We'll talk about that later.

Okay, so just from this, know that they reactivity of an organic molecule is dependent on the attached functional group.

So the functional groups determine the reactivity of an organic molecule.

Okay?

And again, you don't have to memorize all of these.

Okay.

Okay, so we're done with that.

Now we're going to go into the biological molecules, also known as macrom molecules.

There's four groups that I want you guys to know.

Please write these down.

These are the four main biological molecules that are found in all living things, include excuse me, including our bodies.

So we're going to go through each one of these in your notes when you're writing it or typing it.

Leave a lot of space in between each one.

Okay, because we're going to go through in depth on each of these.

So we have carbohydrates or carbs.

We have lipids , which are like fats.

We have proteins, and we have nucleic acids.

Nucleic acids is part of our DNA.

Okay?

We'll give you guys a second to write those down.

I have a question for love ?

Yeah.

I know you said, I'm gonna know acids were protein.

What did you say, fatatty acids were?

Lipids.

Okay, thank you.

But we'll cover that in just a little bit, so you have a get more info on it, I promise, in just a second.

Okay, um, so let's talk about building blocks.

Bef before we go into each of these, we're gonna talk about what makes up each of these.

How do we build a macromolecule?

How do we build the lipid?

How do we build a protein?

Things like that.

But first off, there's something called a monomer.

If we were in. Person, I would have you guys, you know, repeat this to me, like an elementary school class.

Because when you say words, it helps you remember them.

But anyway, if you want to whisper to yourself, you can monomer .

So a monomer is a building block of a biological molecule.

It's a generic term, okay?

So there's different types of monomers for each organic molecule, which I'll go through this table in just a second .

So, um.

Oh, I was right.

Amino acid is protein.

Okay.

So monomers, let's break down the word, mono.

How many does that mean?

What do you guys think?

One.

One.

Okay, so it's a single building block.

You can think of it like a block or like a brick.

Like you're building a house, okay?

It's one.

So now you have a pymer, which are multiple monitommers joined together, okay?

Py?

How many does that mean?

More than one.

More than.

Multiple.

Yeah, many, exactly.

So, um, polymers are multiple monitomers jed together, okay?

And remember, these are the generic terms, monomer and polymer.

But for each organic molecule, carbohydrate, lipid, protein, nucleic acid, each of them have their own monomer and polymer, okay?

And this chart is gonna be your best friend in helping to organize, you know, this lecture and help you figure, you know, which goes with which.

So for carbohydrates, the monomer is a monosaccharide, the polymer is a polysacchride. Will I'll explain those, you know, we'll go into them.

Lids, the monyer is fatty acid.

I'll give you guys a second, please write down, like, copy this whole table really quick.

Copy this table.

The lipid polymer is fats, oils, and steroids.

For protein, the monymer is an amino acids, and the polymer is a polypeptide. Burntucleic acids, the monymers and nucleotide, and the polymer is DNA or RNA.

Technically, it's nucleic acid, but that makes up DNA and RNA, just like fatile oils and whatever, so I'll give you guys a second, please take a screenshot of this.

You know, it's already posted on canvus, but if you want to write it down really quick, make a quick table.

And then you can, you know, go back and copy it again, make it pretty in your notes, because this will be your best friend.

I'll give you guys a second there.

Since Okay, you guys good, you got it written down .

Can I get a thumbs up if you've written it down, you're good?

Or not yet.

Okay, I'll give you a second, you, Sean.

A Valence, can you hear me Valence, can you hear me?

Yeah?

Just checking.

You're good.

You can un meet yourself.

Okay, so if you guys can finish again, you can this is posted, you can go back and fill it in.

I'm also gonna cover it all again a little bit later.

So let's talk about how we build with these building blocks.

There's two different methods to do this .

The first is, well, there's one method to build and one method to break down.

So let's first talk about the dehydration synthesis reaction, okay?

So let's break down this word.

So dehydration , what does that mean?

Are we adding a water or are we taking taking water water water?

Taking water.

Taking away water.

Exactly.

The word synthesis.

What does that mean?

Do you guys know?

Creation.

Right.

Creation to build, exactly.

So synthesis means to synthesize or to build or to create.

And then reaction is just a reaction.

So this dehydration synthesis reaction is removing water to build something , okay?

So if you ever get confused or you don't remember, write down the words, and you can remember.

This is the most common type of chemical reaction used to build polymers.

So how does it do this It removes a water molecule?

So let's look at the image over here .

So here we have a random molecule.

There are these two random molecules.

They are monommers, okay?

These are two monommers.

And you see how they're separate?

Because there's a plus, okay?

So we have one plus another one.

So we know this arrow.

Does anyone remember?

What is this arrow mean in a reaction ?

Arrow?

Yilt.

Yield.

Awesome.

Good job, guys.

So, um.

It means yield, and then this is the product.

So we have the reactants and the product over here .

So what happens in a dehydration synthesis, it wants you to look at the blue here that's highlighted.

We have two hydrogens and an oxygen here, okay?

So we're gonna remove that and make a water, so water is gonna be removed from this reaction, and it's gonna join together.

Okay, does everyone see that?

Dehydration, you're removing a water molecule from . Both of these monomers to put them together to build a polymer, okay?

So that is how it's done.

I know it seems like too simple, but you just remove a water and it it joins together.

It binds together .

Two monitors into a polymer.

Okay?

So dehydration, we're removing water to build.

The second one is a reaction to break down a polymer.

So once we have the polymer, how do we break it down?

That's called a hydrolysis reaction.

Okay, so if we're breaking down a polymer, so what is the prefix hydr mean?

Water. Related to water.

Yes, water.

Hydro.

And then what is the part of the word here?

Lysis to lice something?

Do you guys know what that means?

That's okay if you don't.

So lysis a process or No, it's kind of like to lice something.

Like you cut it or you break it.

Okay?

You're licing, you're slicing.

You can think of it like that.

It's cutting something you're breaking something down, okay?

So hydro lysis.

So we're putting in a water to break down the polymer, okay?

We're cutting, we're adding a water hydro to lice or to slice the polymer.

So hydrolysis reaction adds a water molecule back in.

So here we have hydrolysis at the bottom .

On the left, hydrolysis reaction, sorry.

On the left, we have a polymer that's joined.

You see, how it's one big polymer.

So what happens to break it down in hydrolysis is that a water molecule is inserted back in or added back in to break up those two, that polymer into two monommers, and then it turns back in to two separate things.

You guys see that?

So it's really simple.

To add polymers, to add monymers together, to build a polymer, we are taking away a water and to break down a polymer into monommers, we're adding a water back in.

So the water is kind of like like um like a barrier, if you will.

Okay, so when the water is there, it separates the two monomers.

When the water is not there, the two monomers can be together to form a polymer.

Does that make sense?

Mm hmm.

Is this good as everybody?

Yeah.

Okay, so this is how we build and break down polymers.

And this applies to all of the macromolecules we're going to go over today.

So let's start.

Let's go into carbohydrates.

So carbohydrates, you use it as an immediate energy source, okay?

Living organisms use carbohydrates as an immediate energy source, okay?

It gives you energy relatively quickly.

And it exists as something called a saccharide.

When you guys hear the word "sacaride, I want you to equate it with the word "sugar, okay?

If you break down a carbohydrate, it's basically a sugar, in case you guys didn't know.

So , the saccharide is a type of monomer for the carbohydrate.

They can also have saccharide polymers, which, oops, that's the next slide.

Okay, so saccharides , monoscharide and polyssaccharide.

We'll talk about in a second, but saccharide means sugar.

Okay?

So sacaride equals sugar.

Okay, so everyone in the chat, can you write out saccharide equals sugar ?

So you guys remember.

Everyone in the chat.

Go ahead and write it.

Sacaride equals sugar.

So that way you know how to spell it too.?

Sacaride equals sugar.

Perfect.

Backgr equals sugar.

Beautiful. .

So there's different types of sacariai.C sacarine is, again, kind of the generic term for carbohydrate.

There are three different types.

There are monosaccharides.

So again, what is the prefix mono mean?

How many does that mean ?

One.

Awesome.

Monosacride means one sugar molecule.

Okay?

This is a simple sugar.

This includes glucose, rbose, deoxyhyose.

These are Doxybose and ribos are parts of DNA.

Okay, so there's a sugar backbone in DNA.

But think about glucose, just like a simple, a simple sugar, okay?

So monosaccharides have only a single sugar molecule, okay?

Dysaccharide is when you think of the prefix DI or die, how many do you think of?

Who?

Boom.

Two sac.

So die sacaride is two monos saccharindes put together.

And how are they put together with a dehydration synthesis reaction?

Okay?

That's how most of them are, but just to bring it back from the previous slide.

Or the two slides ago.

So die Sakurde, which is still a sacaride, it's just two of them together.

So two monosacarides link together with that dehydration to this is reaction.

Okay?

That includes malt toast, toros, lactose, lactose is found in milk, sucose is another type of sugar.

And then lastly, we have polyaccharides, which polyino means multiple .

These are polymers of the monosaccharies, so they're more than two, so three or more monosacchrides put together.

And these are the complex sugars, okay, these are the good sugars that you want to consume, I guess, because they're harder to digest, work more for on your body .

They don't get as absorbed as quickly.

So this includes starch in plants and glycogen in animals, okay?

So starch in plants, that's like in the kind of the fibrous material in plants and then glycogen is found in animals as well.

So some of the polysaccharides access structural components of the cells.

So what does that mean?

Like I just said, there's something called cellulose.

That's a complex sugar found in the cell walls of plants.

Again, that's like the fibrous kind of more dense partter to digest. Fib and then there's cutin in animals.

Okay?

Cayin is a part in animals that's difficult to digest as well, but that's a type of carbohydrate.

Okay?

So monosaccharidees, single sugar, dysacroids.

There's two monosacroids, aka two sugars, polysacaride, multiple monosacroddes.

Okay.

Okay.

So monosacride is the monomer and polysacaride is the polymer for carbohydrates.

So that checks out with the table that we drew before.

Okay, now let's go to Lipid's.

So Lipids are really diverse and they have a bunch of different functions.

Well, in a bunch of different structures.

But all lipids are hydrophobic and insoluble in water.

Okay, so hydrophobic, I mentioned that last class.

Does anyone remember?

I'll give you guys a couple seconds to think about it and then I'll tell you.

But if everyone wants to say it the same time.

They' everyone waiting..

Wait, wait, wait, wait.

I'll tell you guys when to say it, but everyone tell me in a second hydrophobic.

Think about what that means.

Go back into your notes and tell me.

I'll tell you when.

Hold on.

Everyone think about it.

I'll give you a chance to think about it.

Hydro.obic.

Okay, everyone, what does it mean?

It's scared of water.

It's water.

It's like water.

Exactly.

Afraid of water .

Afraid of water.

Awesome.

Hydrophobic.

Hydro means water.obic is a hurting, which makes sense, right?

Oil and water they don't mix, right?

Insoluble in water basically means it doesn't dissolve in water.

So water, although it's the universal solvent, it cannot dissolve oil, because they don't mix, okay?

So here are some examples.

There's two main examples.

There are two main types of lipids.

One is fats, and one is oil.

Okay?

I know they sound pretty similar, but they're actually different .

So fats, make sure you know the difference, are solid at room temperature.

Okay?

This is used for insulation and long term energy storage by animals.

So you guys see a difference already between lipids and carbohydrates ?

Lpids are a long term energy storage.

Can someone remind me what was the function of carbohydrates?

Um, immediate, like emergency, immediate storm you, short term.

Short term energy storage, exactly.

Immediate use , things like that.

So lipids are long-term energy and carbohydrates are short term or immediate energy, right?

And an example of that, that's just not for fat.

That's for all lipids in general.

But examples of fat include bacon fat, lard, butter .

You can see kind of examples up here.

There's a lot of fat and cheese.

And things like that.

Okay, so then we have oil, and oil is liquid at room temperature.

Okay?

Think about oil, like cooking oil . Corn oil, olive oil, vegetable oil, whatever.

And that's used for long-term energy storage by plants.

So oil is more so found in plants, not found in plants, but it's used for long term energy storage by plants.

I mean, by humans, too.

It's animals and plants.

But in animals, it helps to waterproof the skin, the hair, and the feathers, which is pretty cool .

Think about the oil on our skin, right?

It helps to create a barrier for to rappel things from the environment.

When our hair, when we don't wash it that often, it gets oily, right?

We have natural oils in our hair and in our skin .

So that helps to waterproof us, basically.

Not that if we didn't have the oil, we would just disintegrate in water, but I'm saying it helps to create that barrier that's part of our skin, you know?

So anyway, fats are solid at room temperature.

Oils are liquid at room temperature.

Are we good with this?

The two main types of lipids.

Yes.

Okay. Let's look a little deeper into lipids in terms of cells and what does that mean for us?

So, like I said, lipids are long term energy storage and they have two types of subunit molecules, which form a trigglyceride.

So the main thing, I guess, well, I guess you could rate this.

Yeah.

Just know that there's two, two parts of a lipid.

There's a glycecerol.

Okay.

One glyceol molecule.

That's where the glyceride come from, and the word trigglyceride .

And then there's three fatty acids.

Fatty acids are going to be the monomers, okay?

Fatty acids are the monomers.

Don't worry about exactly what these are.

Just know that, in a triglyceride or in a in a lipid, there is a glyceol, and there are three fatty acids, and the fatty acids are the monomers.

Okay, that was from your table as well.

So, within fates, there's two different types.

There's unsaturated, and they are saturated.

I'm sure you guys have seen these or heard about these, like, on the back of a food label, you know, when it says, like saturated or versus unsaturated fat.

So unsaturated, basically the difference between the two is in their structure.

The unsaturated fat have double bonds in their carbon chain.

So here you can see the unsaturated fatty acid as a double bond.

So here's the carbon chain, right, the backbone.

All the carbons connected together, both of them have a carbon back.

Oops, sorry.

Both of them have a carbon backbone, but in the unsaturated, there's a little bent in the backbone because of that double bond.

Okay, so unsaturated means the double bond.

So it's bent.

Desaturated fatty acid has no double bond in between the carbon atoms, and it's just a straight long chain.

Okay, so how you can remember this, saturated, starts with an S, the word straight starts with an S. Okay, so saturated, straight carbon chain.

Unsaturated, you can think of the double bond bending it, and if you bend this even more, it could turn into like an upside down U, right?

It kind of looks like a U. So unsaturated .

Unsaturated has the bend, saturated is straight.

Okay?

And the unsaturated is bent because of that double bond in the carbon chain Okay.

Are we good with this ?

Adiacid.

Okay, so now, what are the applications of this in the cells?

So there's something called a phospho lipid. Phos lipid.

Everyone say that to yourself .

Phosphob lipid.

Phosph lipid.

So phosphobipids are membrane components of the cell membrane.

Okay, so the next chapter, we're going to go into is all about the Cell and the different organelles in the cell.

But we're also going to talk about the barrier around each cell.

And the barrier of each cell is comprised of something called a membrane or a cell membrane or a plasma membrane, okay ?

And that membrane, this is it right here on the bottom right.

It's basically composed of two layers of these bosphol lipids, okay?

So phosphol lipid is a lipid that contains a phosphate functional group.

So, back when we looked at the functional groups, one of them was a phosphate functional group .

So remember, depending on what the phosphate, you know, the functional group is attached to, that will determine what the molecule is.

So here, this phosphate group is this little red head right here.

Okay, so we can kind of look at this phosphyl lipid.

This whole thing is a phosphob lipid.

We can look at it kind of like a person .

It's a head and all legs, okay?

So the phosphate group is this red molecule at the top and then the fatty acids, which we just learned about , one and two, are the tails, or sorry, the legs.

Or you could think of them as tails.

That's fine, too.

So the head and the legs.

Okay.

So these these molecules, these fks for lipids, if you put them really small and look over on the bottom right, they form a bin layer .

Plosphob liid bi layer.

Oh, BI means two, right?

Posph lipid bi layer.

Okay.

So how do they form this bi layer to surround the cell and protect it ?

So we're going to go back to hydrophilic and hydrophobic.

So each of the head, the phosphate group, and the fatty acids have a certain chemical property of being hydrophobic or hydrophilic.

So based on what we just learned about the fatty acids, we know the fatty acids are lipids, right?

They're kind of like an oil or a fat.

So do we think they're gonna be the fatty acid, the tail part, the leg part?

Do we think that part is gonna be hydrophilic, water loving, or do we think it's going to be hydrophobic, water hating?

What do we think?

Hydrophobic .

Everybody, what do we think?

Everybody, yeah, go for it, Everyone, what do we think?

Are the legs, the fatty acidids?

Are they gonna be hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

Hydrophobic.

Hydrophobic.

Exactly.

Hydrophobic.

Okay, they're gonna be afraid of water.

So, those legs are hydrophobic, and the head is going to be hydrophilic.

It also happens to be polar, which helps make it attracted to water.

So, this is important because the inside of the cell, if you look on the bottom right, where my incarcer is, the inside of the cell usually has water.

And the outside of the cell in the blue usually has water.

So this b layer is formed by the heads, the hydrophilic heads facing outward towards the water on either side.

So the hydrophilic heads are facing the inside of the cell.

They want to go to the water, and the tails don't want to be in the water, so they're going to point inward to each other.

And then the heads, hydrophilic heads are going to face outward towards the water in the outside of the cell.

Okay?

So this b layer is really important and acts as kind of like a barrier for the cell.

Certain molecules can go in and out through it .

We'll talk more about that later.

But basically, these phosphoipids create a blayer, so it's called the phospholipid blayer.

Okay, so everyone see that, how the tails are pointed inward because they don't want to deal with the water , and they're hydrophobic and the hydrophilic heads, they like the water, so they're going to face the water.

Okay?

Everyone see this?

Everyone makes sense.

We're gonna be learning more about this in the next chapter.

But just for you to get an idea of it beforehand, okay?

Okay, I think that's it for that one.

Okay, so then we have another example of lipids, which are steroids.

Don't worry too much about these, just write them as examples. Steroids and cholesterol.

Those are examples of lipids.

Okay, Lpids, steroids are lipids that have a unique carbon skeleton, that have four fused rings.

That's just their structure.

And then cholesterol is a precursor for other steroids, also found in animals, cell plasma membrane components.

Think about like cholesterol in, like an egg, right ?

An egg yolk specifically.

But anyway, just know that steroids and cholesterol, those are examples of olopids, okay?

Okay.

Now we go into protein.

Protein is a molecule with one or more polypeptides.

We'll talk about the structure of protein in a little bit, but please know that they are of primary importance in structure and function of cells.

Okay, when you think of protein, you might think, oh, yeah, you know, the people at the gym, they want to get the gains, they want to eat the protein, whatever, which is fine for building muscle, that is one of protein's functions .

But protein is also functioning in our bodies all the time.

Okay?

It's in every component of our cells, which make up our entire bodies, and it's really important for the function and the structure of them.

Okay.

So even if you're not a bodybuilder, it's important for you guys to eat protein, whether that be an animal source, like fish, chicken, beef, etc., or you could do eggs, you can also find it in yogurt, or if you're vegan or vegetarian, you could go beans and leggumes , nuts, those types of things.

Okay?

Spinach, you can also go into greens.

Spinach has a lot of protein. Peas have a lot of protein, things like that.

Anyway, protein is important, okay?

So, these are all the functions, just some of them, honestly, there's probably more.

But these are...

Uh, you think you can go back to the last slide?

Yeah.

Thank you.

Mm hmm.

Are you good, or Yeah, I'm good.

I didn't see who called.

Okay, cool, preference.

Um.

So here are the functions of proteins.

There's lots of them.

Just know, you can just write down like the the names of them.

You can go back in your notes and copy these down if you want, but some functions of proteins are for support, which makes sense.

They're from metabolism.

Lots of proteins are enzymes.

We'll talk about that in chapter 5 Enzymes are types of proteins that help speed up chemical reactions in the body, and they work in metabolism.

They work as transport proteins, which can be channel and carrier proteins that hang out in, that fossil lipid biler.

They're like little purple round things .

I say purple because that's what they look like in the images.

They're not actually purple.

Anyway, they allow stuff to go into and out of the cells, so transport proteins.

There's defense proteins like antibodies . Regulation proteins that help with messaging, through different cells.

And then, of course, motion.

It helps, you know, your muscles contract.

So there's lots of different functions of proteins.

I'd recommend writing those down, support metabolism, transport, defense, regulation, and motion.

Okay .

So those are all the functions of perctions.

So let's talk about the monomers of proteins.

The monomers are amino acids, okay?

So if you want to look at the actual structure, amino acids have a central carbon atom bonded to a hydrogen atom and two functional groups.

Though there's a carbon, there's a hydrogen, so we know it's an organic molecule rate.

It has carbon and hydrogen .

And it has two functional groups.

One of the functional groups is an amino group, okay?

I'm sure you guys have heard of different types of amino acids.

One of them is the amino group, and that's why it's called an amino acid.

Okay.

So these are different types of amino acids.

These are the 20 common ones.

You don't have to memorize these.

I just found this chart.

I thought it was pretty interesting with all the colors .

Some are acidic, some are more basic.

Some are essential.

Some are non-essential.

So the ones that are with the little gashed lines, those are essential and needed for, you know, all processes in our bodies.

So again, protein is important and protein has these, not all protein, but protein, different protein sources have these in, you know, acids, and they're important.

Okay.

So again, what is the monomer for a protein?

It's an amino acid.

Okay.

And these are just the different types.

You can and they're structures.

You don't have to memorize that.

It's just interesting to look at.

Okay, so that's an amino acid.

Could be great.

Okay, so now we're going to look at building a protein up to a certain level.

So let me show you down here first really quickly from Smallest to largest or from Moner to polymer, basically.

We have the amino acid, right?

That's a monomer.

We put a bunch of monomers of amino acids together to create a peptide, and then you put a bunch of peptides together to form a polypeptide, polypeptides are the polymers of proteins.

And then you have protein after that.

Okay, so what's a peptide?

Peptides are two or more amino acids joined together, and they're joined together by covalent bonds, okay?

Covalent bonds, as we learned last lecture are some of the strongest types of bonds, okay, Covalent bonding, very strong.

And specifically, the type of covalent bond is called a peptide bond, okay?

So a peptide bond is a type of covalent bond that joins peptides together.

Makes sense.

Pretty self explanatory.

Okay?

Peptide bonds are the covalent bonds between the amino acids.

Polypartides are chains of a many amino acids joined together by peptide bonds, so it's just a larger, more complex peptide, basically, which is the polymer.

And then proteins are many polypeptide chains together that have folded into complex shapes.

And we'll look at those shapes in just a little bit.

But yeah, from smallest to largest, you have the amino acid , which is the monimmer, which gets bonded together into a peptide by a peptide bond, and then those get bonded together to form a polypeptide and then polypeptides kind of come together and fold in on each other and create shapes and those shapes aren't proteins .

OK, hopefully that makes sense to everyone.

I'll give you a second on this slide.

Mino acid, peptide, polypeptide Okay.

So that's a peptide.

So now we're going to look at the shapes and I'll just go through and show you really quick.

These are the different shapes that proteins can take or there's kind of like a route that it takes from more simple to more complex.

So let's look at that.

Protein structure.

I'm going to equate it to paragraph structure.

Okay.

So it's going to be like building a protein.

We're going to build a paragraph.

So there's different levels of structure in a protein .

There's primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure, and quaternary structure.

Think of it like one, two, three, four.

Okay?

So primary structure as the protein sequence of amino acids.

So we know that those are the monomers.

So that's the primary structure of protein, or the amino acids, which we already know.

Those are the smallest, right?

So in building a paragraph, I want you to think of amino acids like letters, okay?

Like the alphabet, ABC, D, EF T, whatever.

So those are like the letters, the building blocks .

The secondary structure are portions of amino acids that can take on a certain shape, and that's like the words.

Okay?

So secondary structure is a bunch of amino acids together, which are like a bunch of letters coming together to form words.

You guys see where I'm going with this metaphor?

Mm.

So secondary structure is like words .

Then we have tertiary structure, which are 3D shapes resulting from folding and twisting of the secondary structure.

So we're going to put more of the secondary structures together and format them in different ways to form sentences .

Right?

So tertiary structure is the next level of complexity of a protein and the next level of complexity of making a paragraph, which is a sentence .

Okay?

And the tertiary structure, because it's formed a sheet now, it's formed a meaning, right?

A bunch of words by themselves, they mean something, but if you're trying to have a bigger message or a longer message, you need to form a sentence to actually say something, right?

So the tertiary structure is determining the function or the meaning of the protein.

And those can be influenced by environmental factors, but that's separate.

Oops, sorry.

And then lastly, we have quaternary structure.

This is more than one polypeptide together, more than one tertiary structure together, forming a paragraph.

Okay?

So that also affects function because paragraphs, you know, say and mean even more things .

So quaternary structure is the most complex, structure of proteins, and it is similar to a paragraph.

Does that make sense?

Does everyone see that?

So we have primary structure of a protein, which is the amino acids.

So the building blocks, those are like letters.

Secondary structure is amino acids coming together to form a shape, like words .

Tertiary are when those words come together to mean something, like a sentence, or the 3D shape resulting from the folding and twisting of the secondary structure .

And then the lastly, the quaternary structure, the fourth level, contains more than one polypeptide chain.

It contains more than one sentence, like a paragraph.

Okay.

Hopefully that makes sense.

I tried to make it like the paragraph analogy or a metaphor.

Hopefully that makes sense to you guys.

But visually, this is what it looks like.

So we have the primary structure which is the amino acids , we have the secondary structure, which are a bunch of amino acids coming together.

Piary structure starting to build the 3D shape of the secondary structure folding in together and creating something.

And then quadary structure is a bunch of the tertiary structures put together .

Okay?

So it's increasing from increasing in size and complexity.

Okay.

And it's basically just like I mentioned before.

The primary structure, it has the amino acids, poseary structure has the peptides , gertiary structure, has the polypeptides, and then to actually make the protein, you need multiple polypeptides together.

Okay, so it's the same as the lar smallies to largest little arrow sequence that I put for a couple sides to go.

Okay, let's do a check.

How are we feeling?

I know this is a lot of info.

How do we feel thumbs out?

Everyone good?

Everyone okay?

I'm really smiling.

I know.

It's a lot of it's a lot of info.

We're almost done.

I promise, like I said, in the first day of class, the first half of the class is a lot of the like biological more complex things of biology, but the second half of the class would be more fun of like the animals, the ecology, climate change, you know, biodiversity , more interesting things like that, that students tend to get a little bit better.

So just stick with it, I promise, these are, you know, the building blocks of what we're going to get to later.

So we're almost done.

Okay, last one is nucleague acids.

Newucleic acids, that's our fourth category, right?

The fourth big category for micromolecules or organic biological molecules, and it consists of it makes up DNA and RNA.

Okay, so DNA we know is the blueprint of our cells, right?

It's the blueprint for our genetics and we'll learn more about that in another chapter.

But the nucleic acid is the polymer of it's the polymer.

Okay, so the monomer is called a nucleotite.

I should have put that first.

Sorry.

A nucleotide is the monomer of a nucleic acid.

So when you put multiple nucleotides together , you form a nucleic acid.

So I know in the chart, I think I have DNA RNA.

Those are just examples of nucleic acid, but nucleic acid, kind of like protein, it is the polymer.

It is the, you know , the structure, the more complex structure.

The nucleotides, what's a nucleotide?

What's the monomer of a nucleic acid?

A nucleotides have three parts.

They have a phosphate group.

They have a carbon sugar, like I mentioned before .

It's a simple sugar.

And they have a nitrogen containing base.

This is going to be really important.

There's four options for this nitrogen containing base that helps make up DNA.

Addinine is denoted by the letter A , Guanine, denoted by the letter G, citisine is C, and thyine is T. And we'll talk more about that in just a little bit.

But please note that nucleotides are the monomers or nucleic acids, and the polymer , you can write nucleic acid or you can write DNA in RNA.

Either of them are fine.

So within a nucleotide, there's three different parts and one of the parts in the nitrogen containing base in those bases, you have four options for those bases.

Addinine, guanani, cytocine, and bimine.

So I'll give you guys a second to write that down.

I mean, I'd go get more water really quick. To my camera while you guys.

Write that down. This is what it looks like on the right. But me tell you a little bit about it first.

DNA is where the genetic information or the genes, that's where it's stored.

It takes a double helix shape.

Okay, so a double helix means it's two strands that are spiraled around each other.

If you look at the figure on the right , you see these strands, these like dark blue, like ribbons almost.

You see how there's two of them?

And they're kind of wound around each other, okay?

So they're like elixing around each other.

So, like I mentioned, the nucleotides all coming together to form the polymer, which is the nucle acid.

So a bunch of nucleotides coming together forms this DNA molecule.

So you can see each one of these nucleotides.

You see the sugar backbone, that looks like appear really quick.

The green is the sugarar backbone, the Py, the yellow is the phoshate group.

And the nitrogen containing baits is either going to be the guani, theidisine, the adine, or the thimine.

So if we look at this DNA picture on the right, you can see those little components as the nucleotide right.

You can see each of these monomers connected to each other, which is really cool.

So you have the green sugar, you have the yellow plusy group and you see that it's attached to this like exagonal shape, which is either going to be one of those four bases.

So the thing with this DNA is that it has complementary base pairing.

So these bases are always going to pair in a certain way.

And I'm gonna tell you guys how it's paired.

You might have learned the same biology in middle school or high school, but so DNA shows complementary base pairing.

These combinations are always going to complement each other and they're always going to be paired in this way.

Adenim is always going to pair with sine and cytosine is always gonna pair with Guani, okay?

ATCG, you can think at Coconut Grove.

It's that helps you.

AT CG Coconut Grove.

At Coconut Grove.

So in this figure on the right, you can see these letters are all pairing with each other exactly how they should.

On one ribbon, on one backbone is one nucleotide with one of the base pairing, and then on the other side of the ribbon, there's the other nucleotide with the other base pairing.

So we can see right here, T and A, or A and T .

Those are bonded together, and the G and the C, those are bonded together.

You can see that same thing here.

Okay.

So that's kind of the structure of DNA.

ATCG at Grove So that's for DNA.

We're gonna go more into this.

I think in chapter 11, and then RNA is very similar, but it has a couple differences.

So it's also a genetic information stored.

It kind of works as like a translator with the DNA , but it's a single heal', okay?

So it's only one strand, and you guys see this dark blue ribbon?

It's single stranded.

So, right there, there's a difference between DNA and RNA.

DNA is double stranded.

RNA is single stranded.

RNA also shows complementary base pairing the same as DNA, except it has one difference.

Instead of thiine, it has urosil, okay?

So adinine is always going to pair with urosel . In our name.

Encyosine, just like DNA, is going to pair with guanine.

So same thing.

Instead of at coconut grow, you want to think of AU coconut grow.

Okay?

AU coconut grow.

That's for R&A. So there's another difference between DNA and R&A .

DNA is double stranded, RNA is single stranded, and the base pairing with addony, the nucleotide is Uacel in RNA, while in DNA, it's thine.

Okay?

So, again, the nucleotide is the monomer of the polymer that is DNA or RNA or the nucleic acid in general.

Okay, everyone good on that?

Mm hmm.

Okay, so here is this, chart again.

So we have the four organic molecules, carbohydrate, lipid, protein, nucleic acid.

Make sure that you know those.

You have the monomers for each of those .

The monomer for carbohydrates are monosacchride.

The polymer is polysaccharide. For the lipids, the monymer is fatty acid.

The polymer are the fats, the oils, the steroids.

The protein, the monommer is the amino acid, and the polymer is the polypeptide, where the protein, and then for nucleic acids, the monymer is the nucleotide and the polymer is the DNA and the RNA or the nucleic acid.

DNA and RNA is like an example of that, right ?

So this chart that's found in your textbook is a great kind of summary of everything that we talked about today.

And I love putting charts like these on exams, okay?

So please know this table.

You don't have to know the structure of them.

Don't worry about the images here .

But I like to do things like putting this whole chart and blocking off, you know, something.

Let me try to annotate this.

For example, I'll go like this.

Oh, that highlighted it.

I just want to pretend there's a bunch of these, so it's blocked out, okay?

So you can't see it.

I would go like that and you would have to remember some examples of lipids .

Okay?

Or I would black out the function, and you'd have to tell me what the function of a carbohydrate is, things like that.

So all of these are mentioned in the lecture, but they're also all here conveniently for your studying , you know, to help you study.

So we have the class of organic molecule, carbohydrates, lipid, protein, nucleic acid, examples, monosaccharide, disacride, polysacride, fats, oils, you know, different types of examples for protein, nucleic acid, DNA R&A, and then they're function .

Okay, so those are the main things that I want you to know, in addition to what makes up the monomer and the polymer of each of these.