SOCIAL STUDIES - IDENTIFICATION

A mechanism in the Philippine political structure ensuring that voices beyond traditional political dynasties are represented in Congress

Party List System

Individuals and businesses earning income in the Philippines are required by law to file an income tax returns (ITR) with the ______

Bureau of Internal Revenue

This uses the learner’s native language as the primary medium of instruction in early grades to deepen comprehension.

Mother Tongue-Based Multilingual Education

Filing your ___ is not just a legal obligation — it is an act of civic responsibility that sustains the nation’s development

Income Tax Returns

A landmark law that restructured the Philippine basic education system by introducing the K-12 program as its centerpiece. It aims to establish an integrated education system relevant to national needs and global standards

Republic Act 10533 (Enhanced Basic Education Act of 2013)

A program that mandates at least one year of Kindergarten, six years of Elementary, four years of Junior High, and two years of Senior High School.

K-12 Curriculum

A feature of RA 10533 (Enhanced Basic Education Act of 2013) where the learner’s native language is used as the primary medium of instruction in early grades to deepen comprehension

Mother Tongue-Based Multilingual Education (MTB-MLE)

A program providing flexible, non-formal education for out-of-school youth and adults, bridging gaps in formal schooling.

Alternative Learning System (ALS)

A report that identified a “collapse” in learning outcomes in the Philippines as they progress throughout the school system, noting that only 0.4% of Grade 12 students meet expected proficiency in key subjects.

EDCOM 2 (the Second Congressional Commission on Education) “Turning Point” Report (2025)

A roadmap for change based on the EDCOM 2 report, focusing on early childhood literacy, reducing classroom congestion, and professionalizing teaching.

National Education Plan 2026-2035 (Education 2035 Roadmap)

A situation described by EDCOM 2 where proficiency rates drop sharply as students progress through the school system, leading to a collapse in learning outcomes.

Learning Crisis

A goal of the 2035 roadmap to ensure data-drived, equitable education for all Filipino children, regardless of economic status or location.

Educational Equity

Challenges in the distribution of reseorces, such as the student school ratio, which averages 600 students per school but often exceeds this, leading to overcrowding and multiple shifts.

Resource Allocation

An individual who stays informed, upholds civic duties (like voting and paying taxes), and actively participates in community projects and democratic processes.

Active Citizen

Includes legal and moral obligation such as filing an Income Tax Return (ITR) and engaging in the democratic process through voice and vote

Civic Responsibility

Includes activities such as informed voting, joining political parties, and engagin with local governance to have a direct voice in community management.

Political Participation

A constitutional right allowing citizens to formally ask the government to correct wrongs or address community issues like healthcare and infrastructure.

Right to Petition (Petitioning for Redress of Grievances)

The right of citizens to demand responsibility and postivie change from their government through speaking up petitioning.

Public Accountability

Organizations that bridge the gap between citizens and the government, acting as the backbone of participatory democracy.

Civil Society Organizations (CSO’s)

A unique feature of Philippine democracy that ensures marginalized and underrepresented sectors (e.g., youth, laborers, farmers) have seats in congress.

Party-List System

The process through which communities are managed, where citizen involvement—such as voting and advocacy—directly influences how resources and policies are handled

Governance

The government agency with which individuals and businesses must file their ITR and pay taxes

Bureau of Internal Revenue (BIR)

An annual report of income, tax due, and payments filed with the BIR; it is an act of civic responsibility that funds national development.

Income Tax Return (ITR)

Mandatory contributions that serve as the “lifeblood” of public services, funding schools, hospitals, and national security.

Taxes

The primary reason (cited by 40% of out-of-school children) for leaving school, often involving the inability to afford supplies, transport, or the loss of child labor income.

Financial Constraints

An underlying issue deepened by the COVID-19 pandemic, triggering high droupout rates and forcing families to choose between education and survival.

Poverty

A community based project where residents (like local artisans) pool resources and skills to increase income and gain economic empowerment.

Livelihood Cooperative (e.g, Artisans’ Cooperative)

Youth-led campaign, such as waste segregation drives and community education, aimed at reducing single-use plastics and promoting ecological preservation.

Environmental Initiative (e.g., Plastic-Free Movement)

A specific civic action involed in environmental campaigns to manage community waste and reduce litter in public spaces

Waste Segregation

The growing impact of digital platforms on voter opinion and political awareness, offering avenues for activism but also risks like misinformation

Social Media Influence

The process of residents coming together for collective action, such as volunteering, such as volunteering or joining organizations, to create social transformation.

Community Engagement/Mobilization

These are the laws and frameworks, like RA 10533, that govern how the school system operates, what is taught, and how reforms are implemented to address the “learning criss”

Educational Policy

This refers to the average size of students in a Philippine School

600 students per school

Initiatives focused on strengthening foundational reading and numeracy, which the Education 2035 Roadmap prioritizes to ensures students don’t fall behind in early grades.

Literacy Programs

The practical application of social science theories (like sociology and political science) to solve community problems, seen in actions like community mobilization and civic engagement.

Applied Social Sciences

The study of the population (such as the 65 million registered voters or the number of students in the K-12 pipeline), which helps the government plan for resource allocation and educational equity.

Demography

The process of choosing leaders and making decisions that affect the nation. This is not just for leaders, but for every citizen who engages through voting and advocacy.

Politics

The process of learning how to register, studying the candidates, and understanding the platform of Party-List groups to cast “an informed vote” rather than a popular one.

Voter Education

The constitutional right of Filipinos to access data regarding government actions and to demand transparency, ensuring that public officials are held accountable.

Right to Ask Questions/RIght to Information

Organized efforts to spread awareness about important issues, such as health, the environment, or new educational policies, to help citizens make better decisions.

Information Campaign

The way the government provides essential needs like infrastructure, healthcare, and education to its people. Citizens have the right to petition for improvements in this delivery.

Public Service Delivery

Large-scale changes aimed at improving the lives of marginalized sectors. This is supported by Civil Society Organization (CSOs) and the National Developement Plan.

Social Reform

The government’s long-term strategy to improve the country’s economy and social conditions, fueled by the taxes collected from citizens.

National Development Plan

Providing young people with the skills and platforms (like student government or local councils) to lead initiatives and influence the nation’s story.

Youth Empowerment

A form of active citizenship where individuals give their time to clubs or community projects to solve local problems without being paid.

Volunteering

A specific example of a livelihood project where local creators pool their resources and skills to improve their economic status and create community-led growth

Artisans’ Cooperative

A digital tool that reshapes how people engage with politics and activism. While it offers “opportunities” for information sharing, it also presents “challenges” like misinformation

Social Media

A youth-led environmental initiative focused on reducing single-use plastic and promoting waste segregation to protect the community’s ecology.

Plastic-Free Movement

There are approximately 45k public elementary and secondary schools serving a total of 27 million students nationwide with an average of 600 students per school, a figure that often leads to significant classroom congestion and the implementation of multiple shifts to accommodate all learners.

Student-School Ratio