HR Final: Chpt. 1-10

Organization

a collection of people working together to achieve a common purpose.

human capital

the knowledge, skills, competencies, and attributes embodied in individuals that facilitate the creation of personal, social, and economic well-being.

How does human capital differ from other types of resources organizations have?

Buildings, land, and equipment can be bought and sold. Improvements can be made. However, individuals have human rights and cannot be bought or sold like other assets.

knowledge-based worker

capability to think, to learn, and to analyze situations.

Human resource management

the set of policies and practices that attract, develop, and retain a qualified workforce in ways that result in engaged employees who contribute positively to organizational performance

What are some of the characteristics that make one workforce different from another?

1.) productivity

2.) skill level

3.) education

4.) attitudes

5.) quality of work

6.) KSAO

What is HR's role in their organization in terms of the workforce?

to develop the type of workforce that is necessary to accomplish organizational goals and objectives

skills gap

a mismatch between the demand and supply of skills

organization culture

the beliefs, philosophies, values, assumptions, attitudes, and expectations of an organization

generation

a social grouping of people born within a defined time period who share similar cultural traits, values, and preferences

applicant tracking system (ATS)

a software program that manages the recruitment and hiring process, including job postings and applications

human resource information systems (HRIS)

a software or online solution that is used for data entry, data tracking, and the data information requirements of an organization's HR management

What are common ways artificial intelligence (AI) is applied in HR?

- Recruitment marketing
- Resume screening
- Candidate matching for specific job
positions
- Chatbots to handle routine HR
questions
- Employee onboarding
- Analyze employee feedback data
- Tracking key performance indicators
(KPIs)
- Skill-gap analysis

knowledge economy

a system of production and services based on knowledge-intensive activities that contribute to an accelerated pace of technical and scientific advance as well as rapid obsolescence

What are the seven components of SHRM's Effective Workplace Index?

- job challenge and learning opportunities;

- supervisor support for job success;

- autonomy;

- culture of respect, trust, and belonging;

- work-life fit;

- satisfaction with wages, benefits, and opportunities to advance;

coworker support for job success.

Triple Bottom Line or the three P's

people, profits, planet

What does social responsibility mean for HR?

creating and maintaining a workplace culture that respects everyone equally, and in which all individuals and groups are treated with dignity and respect.

What is the Employee Life Cycle?

a model that portrays the journey of a typical employee from the time they first learn about an opening at the organization, through the recruitment and hiring process, until their employment ends

9 stages of the Employee Life Cycle

Talent Acquisition: Recruitment, Selection
Talent Development: Onboarding, Training, Development, Coaching
Talent Retention: Performance appraisal, Benefits administration, Separation

What are some talent retention methods?

compensation, benefits, and supervisory training

What is a solo HR practitioner? In what kind of organization would you likely
find this person?

in many small businesses, there is only one individual that is responsible for all of the HR functions. In these situations, individuals are often stretched beyond their capacity to deal with a wide variety of issues (think of Bev)

line manager

a person who directly manages the employees and operations of an organization that create products and services

staff manager

a person who manages a department that serves the line managers in a support or advisory capacity by providing information and advice and ensuring compliance with government laws and regulations

Role of HR manager

provide advice, support to line managers, policy and implementation, dispute resolution

role of line manager

Involved in the selection process, Conduct training and development, Ensure productivity, Supervision, Motivation, Performance appraisal, Employee discipline/discharg

HR generalist

a person who handles a wide variety of duties that may range from administrative duties, recordkeeping and reporting, tracking applicants, to a wide variety of other tasks

HR specialist

a person who has expertise in a specific area of human resources and is usually a more experienced HR professional

competency

a cluster of observable and measurable knowledge, skills, abilities, and other characteristics needed for effective job performance

Technical competency

the knowledge required for effective performance; what a person knows

Behavioral competency

an observable quality or characteristic associated with effective performance; what a person is able to do

Strategy

a long-term plan for how to gain competitive advantage

tactics

short-term actions that are taken to accomplish the overall strategy

3 characteristics of strategy

externally, forward, dynamic thinking

Mission Statement

short statement of the organization's purpose

4 questions a mission statement should answer:

1. What do we do?
2. How do we do it?
3. Whom do we do it for?
4. What value are we bringing?

Vision Statement

what a company would like to achieve or accomplish

value statement

core beliefs and values of an organization

Code of ethics and business conduct

set of organizations guidelines and standards regarding value, beliefs, and ethics that govern decisions and actions of members of the organization

What happens in the 4 stages of strategic planning?

Environmental analysis, Strategy formulation, strategy implementation, and evaluation

Environmental analysis (Look)

Political
Economic
Social
Technology
Environmental
Legal

Strategy Formulation (Think):

- corporate level (who do we compete with)
- business unit (how do we compete)
- functional (what strategies)

Strategy Implementation (Do)

gathered and analyzed data, now implement it

Balanced Scorecard:

financial perspective, customer perspective, internal business process, learning and growth

Cost Leadership

operate at a lower cost

Differentiation

create differences in the firms products/services by creating something that is unique

combination strategies

firms' integrations of various strategies to provide multiple types of value to customers

Workforce Planning

forecasting talent demand and supply and determining the action plans necessary to align talent and availability with organizational goals

Qualitative Analysis

the non-numerical examination and interpretation of observations, for the purpose of discovering underlying meanings and patterns of relationship (through surveys and interviews)

Quantitative analysis

mathematical techniques to forecast future events based on historical data
- trend analysis
- ratio analysis
- regression analysis

attrition

reduction in workforce that occurs as result of turnover, retirements, death

formula for calculating turnover

# of employee seperations during period / avg, # of employees

succession analysis

The process of identifying the current staffing level and projected inflows and outflows of employees during a given forecast period

Markov Analysis

A method for tracking the pattern of employee movements through various jobs

skills inventory

lists of knowledge, skills, abilities, and qualifications of the workforce

furlough

temporary leave of absence from military duty

CARE

consistent, accurate, reliable, efficient

Benefits of a dashboard

- hr monitoring
- management information
- tracking problem areas with transparency

benchmarking

process of comparing organizational performance and practices to industry averages and to best-in-class

Lilly Ledbetter

She discovered that even the lowest-paid male worker made more than she. Even new hires made more money than she did. She was making up to 40 percent less than all of the men with equal jobs in her division; made the Lily Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009

Executive Order 8802

prohibiting government contractors from engaging in employment discrimination on the basis of race, color, or national origin.

Executive Order 9981

ordering the desegregation of the Armed Forces

Brown vs. Board

striking down all local, state, and federal laws that enforce racial segregation in public education

Executive Order 10925

prohibiting federal government contractors from discriminating on the basis of race

Equal Pay Act of 1963

Congress passes the Equal Pay Act of 1963, prohibiting discrimination on the basis of gender for men and women doing equal jobs

protected class

These groups include men and women on the basis of sex; any group which shares a common race, religion, color, or national origin; people over 40; and people with physical or mental disabilities

EEO

The basic premise is to create a level playing field by prohibiting discrimination on the basis of membership in a protected class

Affirmative action

a proactive process whereby an individual is hired on the basis of membership in a protected class

How does a focus on DEI reduce costs for organizations

When DEI is managed effectively, companies reduce the likelihood of being sued for discrimination, which can be costly

What does promoting equity include

Fair compensation and hiring practices, and access to development opportunities and resources

belonging

the outcome of equity and inclusion where all employees, including traditionally underrepresented employees, can feel supported

Reverse discrimination

the unfair treatment of members of majority groups resulting from employment policies that give preference to minorities

What are the EEOC's responsibilities?

responsible for enforcement of federal laws and regulations that prohibit discrimination against a job applicant or an employee

Statutory laws

that were legislated by Congress; these are discussed under the section titled Major Federal Laws

Executive orders

directives issued by the president of the United States and apply to operations of the federal government

Case law

the law as established by rulings in previous court cases

Disparate treatment

occurs when a person is treated differently from others in similar situations because of that individual's membership in a protected class

Disparate impact

when policies, practices, rules, or other systems that appear to be neutral result in a disproportionate impact on a protected group

Four-fifths rule

rule of thumb that finds evidence of discrimination if an organization's hiring rate for a minority group is less than four-fifths the hiring rate for the majority group

Retaliation

occurs when an employer punishes an employee for engaging in legally protected activity

Bona fide occupational qualification

These are employment qualifications that are essential for an individual to perform a job successfully

Examples of BFOQs

A church can require that its staff be of their particular religion

When are differences in pay permitted?

when they are based on seniority, merit, quantity or quality of production, or a job-related factor other than sex

How is sexual orientation and transgender status protected under the law? (Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964)

firing individuals because of their sexual orientation or transgender status violates Title VII's prohibition on discrimination because of sex.

Age Discrimination and Employment Act of 1967

originally prohibited discrimination in employment on the basis of age against individuals between the ages of 40 and 65. An amendment in 1986 removed the upper age limit

Essential job functions

the basic duties of a job that a person must be able to perform

Civil Rights Act of 1991

amended the original civil rights act, making it easier to bring discrimination lawsuits while also limiting punitive damages that can be awarded in those lawsuits

Quid pro quo

when a job benefit is directly tied to an employee submitting to unwelcome sexual advances

Hostile working environment

a workplace where unwelcome conduct of a sexual nature is pervasive or severe enough to create an environment that a reasonable person would consider intimidating, hostile, or abusive

When is an employer liable for sexual harassment?

(1) they were subject to an intimidating, hostile, or offensive work environment; (2) the conduct was based on the plaintiff's protected status; (3) the conduct was sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter the terms or conditions of the plaintiff's environment for a reasonable person under similar circumstances; and (4) at the time such conduct occurred and as a result of such conduct, the plaintiff perceived their work environment to be abusive

Approaches to preventing sexual harassment

provide mandatory sexual harassment training for all employees, annual refresher training to remind employees of the law

job analysis

is a process used to collect information about the required knowledge, skills, abilities, duties and responsibilities needed to successfully perform a job

job design

study of how an organization may improve to increase job satisfaction and productivity

job specification

the qualifications than an individual should have in order to adequately perform a job

job description

document that includes a summary of the position, job duties, and essential job functions

job enrichment

process that adds more meaningful tasks giving employees more responsibility and autonomy in order to increase job satisfaction

job rotation

When an employee moves from one position to another in sequence, with a set amount of time in each

These three are basic sources of collecting data for a job analysis:

observation, interviews, questionnaires

task significance

degree to which the job has an impact on the lives of others

feedback

degree to which the job provides the employee with information on their performance

task identity

degree to which the job requires a doing a whole and identifiable piece of work