Amino Acid Biosynthesis

AA biosynthesis is a FED state

High insulin, low glucagon → storage of glycogen and triacylglycerides

AA biosynthesis is a fasted state

low insulin, high glucagon → gluconeogenesis

Essential amino acids

Histidine, Isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine

Non essential amino acids

alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartate, cystine, glutamic, glycine, ornithine, proline, serine, tyrosine

from what intermediates from glycolysis are AA produced

3-phosphoglycerate (3PG), phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), pyruvate

from what intermediates from TCA cycle are AA produced

oxaloactate and a-ketoglutarate

from what intermediates from PPP are AA produced

R5P and E4P

Biosynthetic family of AA off of oxaloacetate

Aspartate →

• asparagine

• methionine

• threonine → isoleucine

• lysine

Biosynthetic family of AA off of PEP & E4P

• phenylalanine

• tyrosine

• tryptophane

Biosynthetic family of AA off of a-ketoglutarate

glutamate →

• glutamine

• proline

• arginine

Biosynthetic family of AA off of R5P

histidine

Biosynthetic family of AA off of 3PG

serine →

• cysteine

• glycine

Transamination definition

transfer of an amino group from one molecule to the other

Transamination reaction examples

TCA cycle initial formation of aa

Amidation definition

directly adds an amide group to a molecule

Example of amidation

in the TCA cycle

• glutamate → glutamine

• aspartate → asparagine

One carbon transfer example

3PG → serine → glycine

Rhizobium bacteria

invade the roots of leguminous plants and form root modules to fix nitrogen

nitrogen fixing microorganisms

diazotrophic organisms