Asepsis, Anesthesia, and Oral Surgery Fundamentals

Asepsis

The absence of infectious organisms such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites; it prevents infection of wounds by ensuring only sterile objects and fluids come into contact with them.

Antisepsis

Prophylactic and therapeutic measures aimed at destroying microorganisms in a wound, pathological tissues, or the body as a whole.

Endogenous Infection Source

An infection caused by an infectious agent already present in the body but remaining dormant.

Exogenous Infection Source

An infection caused by organisms not normally in the body, transmitted via the environment.

Spaulding’s Classification: Critical

Level of risk for items that enter sterile tissue, cavities, or the blood stream (e.g., scalpel, needle), which require mandatory sterilization.

Dry Heat Sterilization (Mode 1)

A sterilization process for glass or metal involving exposure to $180^\text{o}C$ for $60\text{\thinspace mins}$.

High Pressure Steam (Autoclave) Parameters

Kills all microorganisms and spores via coagulation of proteins at $132^\text{o}C$ and $2\text{\thinspace atm}$ for $20\text{\thinspace min}$ (metals/glass) or $120^\text{o}C$ and $1.1\text{\thinspace atm}$ for $45\text{\thinspace min}$ (rubbers/polymers).

Pathognomic Symptoms

Symptoms that are specific to a certain disease.

Anamnesis Morbi

History of the present disease, including the major health problem, complaint, and history of current illness.

Normal Adult Vital Signs

Blood pressure $< 120/80\text{\thinspace mmHg}$, pulse rate $60 - 100\text{\thinspace bpm}$, and respiratory rate $12 - 16\text{\thinspace breaths/min}$.

TMJ Clicks and Pops

Atypical sounds during auscultation often indicating articular disk displacement.

Normal Leukocyte (WBC) Count

3.5 - 11\text{\thinspace G/L.

Hematocrit

The volume percentage of red blood cells (RBCs) in the blood; normal ranges are 40 - 55\text{\thinspace %} for males and 35 - 45\text{\thinspace %} for females.

Neutropenia

A decreased neutrophil count often caused by chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or bacterial infections.

Hypernatremia

High blood sodium levels (above the normal 135 - 145\text{\thinspace mmol/L range), often caused by dehydration or drugs like steroids.

Liver Function Test Indicators

Includes Alkaline Phosphatase (30 - 120\text{\thinspace IU/L), AST (10 - 35\text{\thinspace IU/L), and ALT (10 - 40\text{\thinspace IU/L).

Primary Hemostasis Phase

The Vascular Platelet Phase which ensures initial stopping of bleeding.

INR (International Normalized Ratio)

A value used to ensure Prothrombin Time (PT) results are consistent across laboratories, typically $0.80 - 1.20$ in healthy patients.

Scintigraphy

An imaging method using ingested radiopharmaceuticals that emit radiation captured by gamma cameras to measure bone metabolism and restructuring.

A-delta Nerve Fibers

Small, thinly myelinated fibers that conduct rapid, sharp, and localized pain