APHUG FULL FLASHCARDS

absolute direction

The precise compass direction (north, south, east, west) between two locations.

absolute distance

The exact measurable distance between two locations, typically expressed in units such as miles or kilometers.

clustering

A spatial pattern in which similar phenomena or features are concentrated in the same geographic area.

direction

The position of one location relative to another, typically described using cardinal directions (north, south, east, west) or intermediate directions.

dispersal

A spatial pattern in which phenomena or features are spread out or scattered across a geographic area.

elevation

The height of a location above sea level, often represented on maps through contour lines or color gradients.

map projections

Methods used to represent the three-dimensional surface of Earth on a two-dimensional map.

reference maps

Maps that display general geographic information such as political boundaries, physical features, and locations of places.

relative direction

The directional relationship between two locations described in relative terms such as 'near,' 'far,' 'left,' or 'right.'

relative distance

The perceived or functional distance between two locations based on factors such as time, cost, or accessibility rather than actual measurement.

spatial patterns

The geographic distribution and arrangement of phenomena across a landscape or urban area.

spatial relationships

The ways in which places, phenomena, and human activities are organized, connected, and distributed across geographic space.

thematic maps

Maps that focus on a specific theme or topic, such as population distribution, climate, or economic activity.

field observations

Direct data collection conducted by researchers or individuals in the geographic location being studied.

geographic data collection

The process of gathering spatial and locational information about Earth's features and phenomena through various methods.

geographic information systems

A computer-based technology that captures, stores, analyzes, and displays geographic data and spatial information.

geospatial technologies

Tools and systems used to capture, analyze, and visualize geographic information and spatial data.

landscape analysis

The systematic examination and interpretation of the physical and cultural features visible across a geographic area.

online mapping and visualization

Digital tools and platforms used to display, analyze, and share geographic data and spatial information over the internet.

photographic interpretation

The analysis and extraction of geographic information from photographs, including aerial and satellite imagery.

remote sensing

The collection of information about Earth's features and phenomena from a distance using satellites or aircraft without direct physical contact.

satellite navigation systems

Technology that uses satellites to determine precise geographic locations and coordinates on Earth's surface.

census data

Statistical information collected about populations, including demographics and characteristics used for planning and policy decisions.

geographical effects

The spatial and environmental consequences or impacts that result from decisions and actions taken in specific places.

geospatial data

Information about locations and spatial relationships on Earth's surface, used to analyze geographic patterns and inform decision-making.

satellite imagery

Images of Earth's surface captured from satellites, used to observe land use, environmental changes, and geographic features.

political factors

Migration influences related to government policies, conflict, persecution, or political instability.

pull factors

Conditions or circumstances in a destination location that attract migrants, such as job opportunities, better living conditions, or political stability.

push factors

Conditions or circumstances in a person's origin location that encourage them to leave, such as poverty, conflict, or environmental degradation.

agricultural density

A method of calculating population density by dividing the number of farmers by the amount of arable land.

arithmetic density

A method of calculating population density by dividing the total population by the total land area.

climate

Long-term atmospheric conditions of a region that affect human settlement patterns and population distribution.

human factors

Social, economic, political, and cultural elements such as culture, economics, history, and politics that influence where populations settle.

landforms

Natural physical features of Earth's surface, such as mountains, valleys, and plains, that influence population settlement.

methods of calculating population density

Different approaches to measuring population density (such as arithmetic density, physiological density, or agricultural density) that provide different insights into how populations relate to available land and resources.

physical factors

Natural environmental characteristics such as climate, landforms, and water bodies that influence where populations settle.

physiological density

A method of calculating population density by dividing the total population by the amount of arable land available for agriculture.

population density

A measure of the number of people per unit of area, calculated using different methods that reveal different information about population pressure on land.

population distribution

The spatial arrangement and concentration of human populations across geographic areas at various scales.

scales of analysis

Different levels of geographic study (local, regional, national, global) used to examine spatial patterns and processes.

water bodies

Natural or significant water features such as rivers, lakes, and oceans that affect human population distribution and settlement patterns.

asylum seekers

People who have fled their country and applied for protection in another country based on claims of persecution or danger.

chain migration

The voluntary movement of people to a destination where relatives, friends, or community members have already established themselves.

forced migration

The involuntary movement of people from their home due to circumstances such as slavery, conflict, persecution, or natural disasters.

guest worker

A person who voluntarily migrates to another country to work temporarily, often with the intention of returning home.

internal migration

The voluntary movement of people from one location to another within the same country.

internally displaced persons

People forced to leave their homes but who remain within their own country's borders due to conflict, persecution, or disaster.

refugees

People who flee their country or region due to persecution, conflict, or violence and seek safety in another location.

rural-to-urban migration

The voluntary movement of people from countryside and agricultural areas to cities in search of economic opportunities and urban services.

slavery

The forced, involuntary servitude of people who are treated as property and compelled to work without freedom or compensation.

step migration

The voluntary movement of people in stages, typically from rural areas to intermediate cities before moving to larger urban centers.

transhumance

The seasonal movement of people and livestock between different geographic areas in search of pasture and resources.

immigration policies

Government regulations and laws that control the movement of people into a country and determine who can settle there.

population composition

The characteristics of a population, including age structure, gender distribution, ethnicity, and other demographic features.

population policies

Government strategies and programs designed to influence the size, growth rate, or composition of a population.

population size

The total number of people living in a given area or country at a specific time.

pronatalist policies

Government policies designed to encourage and promote population growth by increasing birth rates.

contraception

Methods or devices used to prevent pregnancy; access to contraception is a factor that influences fertility rates.

demographic consequences

The effects on population characteristics and trends, such as changes in fertility, mortality, and migration patterns.

fertility rate

The average number of children born to a woman during her reproductive lifetime in a given population.

migration

The movement of people from one place to another, either within a country or across international borders.

mortality

The occurrence of death in a population; a demographic variable that can be influenced by access to healthcare and changing social conditions.

Ravenstein's laws of migration

A set of principles explaining patterns and causes of human migration, including the influence of economic and social factors on population movement.

aging population

A population with an increasing proportion of elderly individuals relative to younger age groups, resulting from declining birth rates and increasing life expectancy.

birth rate

The number of live births per unit of population (typically per 1,000 people) in a given time period; a key factor determining population aging.

death rate

The number of deaths per unit of population (typically per 1,000 people) in a given time period; a key factor determining population aging.

dependency ratio

The proportion of dependents (young and elderly) to working-age population; a measure of economic burden in aging societies.

life expectancy

The average number of years a person is expected to live from birth; influences the age structure of a population.

cultural relativism

An attitude that views and evaluates another culture based on that culture's own standards and values rather than one's own.

cultural trait

Specific characteristics, practices, or elements of culture that can be transmitted between individuals and groups.

culture

The shared practices, technologies, attitudes, and behaviors transmitted by a society.

ethnocentrism

An attitude that judges other cultures based on the standards and values of one's own culture, often viewing one's own culture as superior.

agricultural practice

Methods, techniques, and systems used in farming and food production, including land use, crop selection, and production methods.

cultural beliefs

Systems of values, traditions, and worldviews held by a group that influence how they interact with and organize their environment.

cultural identities

The characteristics, values, and practices that define a group's sense of belonging and distinctiveness within society.

cultural landscape

The visible human imprint on the physical environment, including buildings, land use patterns, and cultural features that reflect the values and practices of a society.

ethnic neighborhoods

Geographic areas where people of the same ethnic background predominantly live, often characterized by shared cultural institutions and practices.

ethnicity

The shared cultural, linguistic, and ancestral characteristics that define a group's identity and distinguish it from other groups.

imperialism

The policy or practice of extending a country's power and influence over other territories and peoples through military, political, or economic means.

lingua franca

A common language adopted by speakers of different native languages to communicate with one another.

trade

The exchange of goods and services between individuals, groups, or nations, which can facilitate cultural contact and exchange.

cultural convergence

The process by which different cultures become more similar due to increased interaction, communication, and exchange of ideas and practices.

cultural divergence

The process by which cultures become more distinct and different from one another, often as a response to globalization or assertion of local identity.

cultural pattern

Recurring characteristics, practices, and beliefs shared by groups of people that are shaped by historical processes and contemporary influences.

globalization

The process of increasing interconnection and integration of people, economies, and cultures across the world through trade, technology, and communication.

indigenous languages

Languages native to a particular region or people, often threatened by the spread of dominant languages like English through globalization.

time-space compression

The reduction in the time it takes to travel between places or communicate across distances due to technological advances.

urbanization

The process by which populations become increasingly concentrated in cities and urban areas, involving the growth and expansion of urban settlements.

belief systems

The core doctrines, practices, and values that define a religion and influence how it spreads.

cultural hearths

Geographic locations where religions, languages, and other cultural elements originate before spreading to other regions.

diffusion

The spread of cultural traits, practices, beliefs, or innovations from one place or group to another over time and space.

ethnic religions

Religions that are closely tied to a specific ethnic group or culture and are generally concentrated near their place of origin, such as Hinduism and Judaism.

expansion diffusion

A type of diffusion in which cultural traits, ideas, or phenomena spread outward from a source region while remaining in the origin area.

places of origin

The geographic locations where religions first emerged before spreading to other areas.

relocation diffusion

A type of diffusion in which people, ideas, or cultural traits move from one location to another, spreading to new areas through migration or movement.

universalizing religions

Religions that actively seek to convert people and spread their beliefs to different regions and cultures, such as Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, and Sikhism.

acculturation

The process by which individuals or groups adopt the cultural traits of another culture while maintaining some aspects of their original culture.

assimilation

The process by which individuals or groups adopt the cultural traits of a dominant culture, often resulting in the loss of their original cultural identity.

multiculturalism

A condition in which multiple distinct cultures coexist within the same society, each maintaining their own cultural identity.

syncretism

The blending of cultural or religious traits from different sources to create new cultural forms.