BIOL 2312 EXAM 4

Name and describe the function of the two organs not found in humans but are found in grasshoppers and earthworms between the esophagus and the stomach

Crop and gizzard

function - add mucus and contains grains of sand, and is ground into fine particles for mechanical digestion of food

To use the Hardy-Weinberg principle of genetic equilibrium, which of the following must be true about the population?

No genetic mutations, a large population, no natural or sexual selection, no migration.

What is the name of the ship on which Charles Darwin votaged?

Beagle

TRUE OR FALSE

Complement system includes more than 30 interacting plasma proteins that circulate in blood and interstitial fluid, and are activated by molecules on the surface of pathogens

True

Define Macroevolution

large scale evolutionary changes - result of many micro changes over time

Define Microevolution

small scale genetic changes in a population in response to shift in environment

Explain the difference between macro and micro evolution

macroevolution takes more time and affects species/groups as a whole and microevolution is localized to a population and may be evident quickly

Give an example of macroevolution

changes in flight for mammals or increasing brain size of primates

Give example of microevolution

Change in the beak/gull or bill size in birds

A peptic ulcer breaks down the _____layer of the stomach, exposing the ____layer to HCl

mucosa, submucosa

Which immune cells are long lived cells that can respond to a later encounter with the same antigen?

memory cells

Match the statement to the type of mutation it describes

A mutation in the codon that changes an alanine to a guanine

neutral

Match the statement to the type of mutation it describes

A mutation that causes confers antibiotic resistance in a E coli strain

Advantageous

Match the statement to the type of mutation it describes

A mutation in the FMRP gene that prevents the protein from being made resulting intellectual disability

Deleterious

Match the statement to the type of mutation it describes

A mutation in the Hox gene that prevents embryo development

Lethal

The stomach content results a in substance which is a combination of food and enzymes called___

chime

The mixing of this contents is produced by contractions of the muscle layer which is composed of 3 layers of____muscle

smooth or non-voluntary

Two of the muscle layers__and___run the entire length the digestive tract

circular and longitudinal

The third later is unique to the stomach and is called the___layer

Oblique

The peptide hormone___secreted by an empty stomach binds to receptors in the___and stimulates appetite. Its antagonist___secreted by_____cells during eating will provide the signals to stop eating (satiety).

grehlin, brain, leptin, fat/adipose

A condition known as short bowel syndrome, in which a patient is without a large chunk of their small intestine, would result in what symptoms?

Decreased lipolysis - break down of fat and Undernutrition due to decreased absorption of essential nutrients

There are 20 beetles in a exhibit. Five of them display the recessive allele for red exoskeletons. The remainder of the beetles are yellow.

How many display the dominant allele for yellow?

Will all the yellow beetles share the same genotype?

Will all the red beetles share the same genotype?

15, no, yes

What processed is represented above

inflammation

Name Cell B

Mast Cell

Cell B produces molecule C. Name this molecule and the direct effect it has on this process

Histamine —> vasodilation of the blood vessel

Name cell D and the name the process it is performing

Neutrophil —> phagocytosis

Name Cell E

monocyte

Describe what is happening in step 4 (see red number)

monocytes are flowing chemokine trail to leave blood and enter site of damage and converting to macrophages

Which of the following a symptomatic indications of an inflammatory response?

Swelling, heat, pain, redness

Early in the twentieth century, some scientists embraced the notion of orthogenesis, the idea that evolution_____

produces new species with the goal of improvement

Which of the following highlight the four main concepts of Darwin theory of evolution? Select all that apply

Evolutionary change occurs in groups, rather than individuals

Evolution occurs over generations

Biological diversity can be explained by purely physical processes

Evolution occurs because some organisms function better than others in a particular environment

Which of the followings are True regarding an immune response

the CD8 protein serves an cross-check role with MHC class I proteins in cytotoxic reactions

TLRs binding to antigens that are required for activation of innate immunity

MHC I proteins are found on all cells of the immune system

the principal function of the innate system is an inflammatory response after recognition of the PAMPs

MHC I proteins bind antigen fragments and are recognized by the T-cell receptor and the T4 or CD4 protein

A large flood results in the loss of 75% of the squirrel population. The remaining squirrels are mostly brown with short tails. This is an example of____?

Population bottleneck

A patient who is unable to eat requires nutritional supplementation and you must ensure that it contains the four essential nutrients. The supplementation must include the 9 essential____, including lysine and tryptophan, the 13 known___, encompassing A-K, the essential trace and macro___and finally the___ in the form of linoleic and linolenic acid

amino acid, vitamin, mineral, fatty acid

True or False

All genetic variation in DNA results in phenotypic changes

False

Explain what type of infection would induce expression of interferon in a cell. Give an example of a pathogen that would fit his infection. What is the function of interferon on the secreting cell and its neighboring cell and what types of signaling mechanisms does interferon uses to communicate?

Intracellular infection

most likely a virus

Interferon down regulates the function of the cell that i infected through autocrine feedback and the binds to receptor on neighboring cells via paracrine signaling to have those cells protect against infection by pulling their possible entry points (various receptors) from the surface.

As spring approaches you plan to plant some flowers. Before planting, you test the soil in your garden and find that its acidic. You test the soil in your flower bed and find that it has a neutral pH. To see the effect of soil pH on the flowers, you plant the same kind of flowers in both the acidic soil and the neutral soil. The flower in the acidic soil grows with white petals while the flower in the neutral grows with red petals. This is an example of____

Environmental effects on phenotype

In the correct order, list the anatomical structures/organs a piece of food actually touches during digestion, from chewing to excretion.

1. Mouth/oral cavity, 2. Esophagus, 3. Stomach, 4. Small intestine, 5. Large intestine, 6. Anus

What layer of the digestive tube changes as you move through these different organs? and what about that layer provide ability to one organ from another?

The mucosal layer, because it has the epithelial layer of cells which dictates function of organ.

Match the scientist to their most influential theory

Natural mechanisms produce diversity of life-evolution

Darwin

Match the scientist to their most influential theory

Each species is formed individually with its own purpose and place in nature and where no species evolves into a new species - the greatest chain of being

Aristotle

Match the scientist to their most influential theory

The principle of use and disuse and the inheritance of acquired characteristics - biological evolution

Lamarck

Match the scientist to their most influential theory

Slow, continuous physical processes produced Earth’s geological features - gradualism

Hutton

Match the scientist to their most influential theory

Scholar that convinced Wallace and Darwin to publish their work

Lyell

Explain the concept of heterozygous advantage and give an example

when its beneficial to be heterozygote

ex) sickle cell and malaria

Name the unique anatomical features in the small intestine that aid in digestion and explain what how they aid.

The microvilli brush border increases surface area for absorption of the small intestine

Molecules secreted from the pancreas aid digestion. What are these three (3) classes of enzymes and what do they digest?

Proteases - protein break down, amylase- carb break down and lipases - lipid break down

Molecules secreted by the liver aid digestion. What are these three (3) molecules and how do they aid in digestion?

bile salts, cholesterol, and bilirubin that act to engulf fat droplets

A blockage in the common bile duct would have what effect on digestion?

Would prevent proper digestion of fats by preventing bile from liver

Match the process to the description

Absorption The molecular subunits are absorbed from the digestive contents into body fluids and cells

Absoprtion

Match the process to description

Food molecules are broken down through enzyme-catalyzed reactions into absorbable molecular subunits

Enzymatic hydrolysis

Match the process to the description

Chewing, grinding, and tearing food chunks into smaller pieces increases their mobility and the surface area exposed to

Mechanical Processing

Match the process to the description

Undigested materials are expelled through the anus

Elimination

Match the process to the description

Release of enzymes and other substances that aid the process of digestion, such as acids, emulsifiers, and lubricating mucus, into the tube

Secretion of enzymes

A mutation in the Hoxc8 gene in the ancestor of modern snakes caused its descendants to have____

no forelimbs or hindlimbs

Antibiotic resistance in bacteria is a growing problem. In the past, antibiotic penicillin could thoroughly resolve many infections. now however, more and more infections are unable to be resolved by penicillin. Using what you know about evolution explain why penicillin is no longer effective on certain bacteria

At first, only a small amount of bacteria were able to resist penicillin. Due to adaptive selection, the bacteria resistant to penicillin persisted while the non-resistant strains died off. Now only penicillin resistant strains are left thus making penicillin less effective.

In_____antibodies bind to toxin molecules, preventing them from carrying out their damaging action

neutralization

Which of these statements is NOT true about complement?

Complement is required for formation of antigen-antibody complexes

Upon a second exposure to pathogen, the____immune system responds____than it did upon the first exposure

adaptive; faster

A patients serum is analyzed and found to have an abnormally low level of CD8 molecules. The suggests that the patient has insuffcient numbers of___and would be highly susceptible to___

cytotoxic T cells, viruses

Which of the following nutrients are used first when a mammal requires energy? Select all that apply

stored fats, glycogens

How is antibody-mediated immunity different from cell-mediated immunity?

Antibody-mediated immunity requires both B and T cells; cell-mediated immunity requires T cells but not B cells

Name the three line of immune defense in the order a pathogen would encounter them

a) barrier, b) innate, c) adaptive

Arrange the steps of antibody-mediated immunity in the proper order

1. Plasma cells secrete antibodies

2. Helper T cells interact with B cells displaying the same antigen-MHC complex.

3. Contact with antigen

4. Clone of B cells produced

5. Fragmentation of antigen

3,5,2,4,1

A foreign molecule that triggers an adaptive immune response is called an____

antigen

Is the following phenotypic variation qualitative or quantitative?

height

quantitative

Is the following phenotypic variation qualitative or quantitative?

eye color

qualitative

Is the following phenotypic variation qualitative or quantitative?

blood type

qualitative

Is the following phenotypic variation qualitative or quantitative?

wingspan

quantitative

Is the following phenotypic variation qualitative or quantitative?

weight

quantitative

The process by which nutrients are taken in by endocytosis is called what?

Intracellular digestion

Which of the following are constructed of similar tissues and developed similarly in embryos?

homologous structures

Match the statement to the type of feeding it describes

A human takes a large bite of an apple

bulk feeding

Match the statement to the type of feeding it describes

A mosquito that feeds on the blood of various organisms

fluid feeding

Match the statement to the type of feeding it describes

A worm collects its nutrients while moving along the soil

deposit feeding

Match the statement to the type of feeding it describes

A fish captures and ingests plankton while swimming through water

suspension feeding

How is active immunity different from passive immunity?

Active immunity is slower in onset and longer lived

APCs interact with____during an antibody-mediated immune response, and with___during a cell-mediated immune response___

CD4+ T cells; CD8+ T cells

Diarrhea or overly watery stools would most likely be caused by an issue in the___?

Large intestine

A typical primary response to an antigen peaks at about____

two weeks

Birds the first organism we studied 2 novel organs are added into the digestive system name these two organs: [a] and [b]

liver and pancreas

True or False

Ruminants have four chambered stomachs

True

Dendritic cells present antigens on their surface in the context of____

class ll MHC proteins

Animals [a] includes the processes by which food is first [b] by the organism, then are [c] into basic building molecules and [d] into body cells and fluids

[a] nutrition, [b] ingested, [c] digested, [d] absorped

Choose the right word to match the definition

characters that exist in two or more discrete states

qualitative variation

Choose the right word to match the definition

The existence of discrete variants of a particular character

a polymorphism

Choose the right word to match the definition

The sum of all gene copies at all gene loci in all individuals in a population

gene pool

Choose the right word to match the definition

agent of microevolutionary change that is most likely to introduce genetic variation from another population

gene flow

True or False

Canines are specialized for grinding

False

Genetically based characteristics that make organisms more likely to survive and reproduce are referred to as____

adaptive traits

Currently, the function/purpose of the human appendix is in question. It is believed that it was once useful but modern diets have decreased our need for the organ. This describes a____?

vestigial structure

True or False

Canines are specialized for grinding

False

You had a cold last month and you caught another one this month from your brother. What is the most likely reason for this happening?

The two cold viruses have different epitopes

Brush border epithelial cells produce the which of these enzymes:

Aminopeptidases, Disaccharidases, Nucleotidases

Match the immune system to the description:

slow response

adaptive

Match the immune system to the description:

fast response

innate

Match the immune system to the description:

fund in all animals

innate

Match the immune system to the description:

has secreted components

both

Match the immune system to the description:

has specific memory to antigen

adaptive

Match the immune system to the description:

recognizes broad surface traits of antigen

innate