Unit 2c

Theories of Intelligence

General Intelligence

Mental quality consisting of ability to learn, adapt, solve problems

Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences

Concept that we have different aspects of intelligence blending into one

(verbal) Linguistic

Ability to use and understand language effectively

Logical mathematical

Ability to logically think and reason by proving ideas, working with numbers and patterns, and hypothesizing

Musical

Ability to understand, create, and appreciate music

Bodily-Kinesthetic

Ability to use body to express ideas, solve problems, and learn

Intrapersonal

Ability to understand oneself, including emotions, motivations, and personal goals.

Interpersonal

Ability to understand and interact effectively with others, including recognizing emotions, motivations, and social dynamics.

Triarchic Intelligence

A theory proposed by Robert Sternberg that posits three types of intelligence: analytical, creative, and practical. This framework emphasizes the diverse ways individuals can process information and cope with their environments.

Emotional Intelligence

Refers to the ability to recognize, understand, and manage one's own emotions as well as the emotions of others. It plays a crucial role in personal and professional relationships and effective communication.

Crystallized Intelligence

Refers to the ability to utilize knowledge, skills, and experience acquired over time, such as through education and personal experiences. It typically remains stable or increases with age.

Fluid Intelligence

Refers to the capacity to think logically and solve problems in novel situations, independent of acquired knowledge. It involves the ability to analyze and identify patterns. (Decreases with age)

Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

Average performance w/ score out of $100$, initially defined as the Stanford-Binet ratio of mental/chronological age and used in eugenics

Deviation IQ

A standard score that indicates how much an individual's IQ deviates from the average score of the population, with a mean of $100$ and a standard deviation of $15$.

Psychometrics

The field of study concerned with the theory and technique of psychological measurement, which includes the measurement of knowledge, abilities, attitudes, and personality traits.

Test-retest reliability

The consistency of a psychological test's results when administered to the same individuals at different points in time, indicating the stability of the measure.

Split-half reliability

A measure of consistency where a test is split into two halves, and the scores from both halves are compared to assess the reliability of the test.

Construct validity

The extent to which a test accurately measures a theoretical construct or trait, ensuring that the test aligns with the underlying concepts it is intended to assess.

Predictive validity

The degree to which a test accurately forecasts future performance or behaviors in a specific context, validating the effectiveness of the measurement.

Culture-Fair Test

A type of intelligence test designed to minimize the impact of cultural and language biases, allowing for a more equitable assessment of cognitive abilities across diverse populations.

Flynn Effect

The observed phenomenon that scores on intelligence tests have risen over time across generations, suggesting improvements in educational, social, and environmental factors.

Aptitude Test

A standardized assessment designed to measure a person's potential to succeed in a particular task or skill, often predicting future performance in a specific area.

Achievement Test

A standardized test that measures a person's knowledge or proficiency in a subject or skill, often reflecting what they have learned in an educational setting.