A&P Exam #4

What are the 4 processes of respiration?

1. pulmonary ventilation

2. external respiration

3. gas transport

4. internal respiration

What is the equation for respiratory pressure?

intrapulmonary - atmospheric

What does a + respiratory pressure mean?

exhaling

What does a - respiratory pressure mean?

inhaling

What muscles contract in forced inhalation?

scalenes & pectoral minor

What muscles contract in forced exhalation?

abs & internal intercostals

What does IRV mean?

amt of air that can be inhaled past a normal breath

What does ERV mean?

amt of air that can be forcefully exhaled from the lungs after a normal breath

What does RV mean?

amt of air remaining in the lungs after a maximum exhalation

What does TV mean?

volume of air in & out during normal breaths

What does VC mean?

how much air you can move in & out

What does TLC mean?

VC+RV

What is the forced vital capacity test?

amt of air forcefully expelled following full inhale

What is Forced Expiratory Volume?

amt of air forcefully expelled during a set amt of time

What are some causes of restrictive disorders?

fibrosis, costal ossification, weakening of inspirational muscles

What is Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure?

PP of a gas is proportional to the % of that gas in the mixture

What is Henry’s Law?

gas will dissolve into a liquid in proportion to its partial pressure

(higher pressure difference = more efficient)

What are the factors that influence external respiration?

pneumonia & emphysema

What is ventilation?

how much gas is in the alveoli

What is perfusion?

rate of blood flow in the alveoli

What happens to bronchioles when CO2 is high?

they dilate, leading to an increase in external respiration

What happens to pre-capillary sphincters when O2 is high?

They dilate, leading to an increase in blood flow to the respiratory membrane & external respiration

Why does pH shift matter?

CO2 causes a pH shift, decreasing oxygen affinity

What are the functions of the digestive system?

1. ingestion

2. mechanical breakdown

3. propulsion

4. chemical digestion

5. absorption

What does the mucosa layer contain?

lamina propria & muscularis propria

What does the submucosa contain?

esophageal glands —> mucous

What is the function of the muscularis externa?

propulsion & mixture

What does the serosa layer contain?

immune cells

What are the 2 phases of deglutition?

1. buccal phase

2. pharyngeal-esophageal phase

In the stomach, what are the 3 layers of the muscularis externa?

oblique

circular

longitudinal

What do parietal cells do?

produce HCl and the intrinsic factor (B12)

What do chief cells produce?

pepsinogen and lipase

What do enteroendocrine cells produce?

hormones

Where is gastrin produced?

G cells

What does gastrin do?

directly activates parietal cells and indirectly activates ECLs

What are the 3 phases of gastric juice production?

1. cephalic

2. gastric

3. intestinal

What does the small intestine do?

does the bulk part of digestion

Where is intestinal juice produced?

Intestinal Crypts

What cells have brush border enzymes?

enterocytes

What cells have antimicrobial compounds?

Paneth cells

What does the pancreas do?

contains enzymes that aid in digestion

What is the enzyme that breaks down proteins?

trypsin & chemotrypsin

What are the hormones used by the duodenum to regulation digestion?

CCK & Secretin

What is the function of the liver?

stores nutrients & produces bile

What is the function of the gallbladder?

stores bile & releases bile through bile duct

What are the two steps in absorption for carbs & proteins?

co-transport and facilitated diffusion

What are the steps in absorption of fat?

diffusion, reformation into triglycerides, and movement into the lymph

What other things are absorbed by the SI?

vitamins, electrolytes, & water

What anal sphincter is made of smooth muscle?

internal

What anal sphincter is made of skeletal muscle?

external

What does bacterial flora influence?

body weight, susceptibility to illness, & mood