KSU Bio 1107: Cells & Transport

What are the three true tenants of Cell Theory?

1. All organisms are made of cells

2. Cells are the fundamental unit of life

3. New cells come from pre-existing cells

"We are four cellular structures common to both bacteria (prokaryotes) and plants (eukaryotes)." What are we?

1. Cell wall 2.

2. Cell membrane 3.

3. Ribosomes 4.

4. DNA-Genetic material

"I am a genetic region present only in Prokaryotic cells, and I am not bounded by a membrane." What am I?

Nucleoid

Which cellular component of eukaryotic cells does not have a membrane?

Ribosomes

"We are the three cellular components of eukaryotic cells that have two membranes (a double membrane)." What are we?

1. Mitochondria

2.Chloroplast

3. Nucleus

Identify the organelle/structure:

"I house the genetic blueprint and control cell activities." ________

Nucleus

Identify the organelle/structure:

"I am the actual machine that synthesizes protein polymers." _________

Ribosomes

Identify the organelle/structure:

“I am covered in ribosomes and process secretory proteins." _________

RER (Rough ER)

Identify the organelle/structure:

"I synthesize lipids and detoxify drugs/toxins." _________

SER (Smooth ER)

Identify the organelle/structure:

"I sort, tag, and ship proteins coming from the ER." _________

Golgi apparatus

Identify the organelle/structure:

"I use acid and enzymes to break down waste and recycle parts." _________

Lysosome

Identify the organelle/structure:

"I perform cellular respiration to generate ATP energy." _________

Mitochondria

Identify the organelle/structure:

"I am the structural network of protein fibers supporting cell shape." _________

Cytoskeleton

Identify the organelle/structure:

"I perform photosynthesis to convert sunlight into sugars." _________

Chloroplast

"I am a large molecule containing both polar and non-polar regions, making me amphipathic." What am I?

Phospholipid (or an Integral/Transmembrane protein)

Which structural configuration will the plasma membrane adapt to in an aqueous (water) environment?

Polar phosphate heads face the outside and inside of the cell (touching water), and non-polar fatty acid tails fuse together on the inside (hiding from water).

"I am an animal cell lipid that helps maintain perfect membrane fluidity across changing temperatures." What am I?

Cholesterol

Thermophilic bacteria living in boiling hot springs need what configuration of fatty acids to keep their membranes from melting?

More amounts of long-chain saturated fatty acids (they pack tightly to remain stable in intense heat).

Front: State the transport mechanism for:

Water: _________

Osmosis

Front: State the transport mechanism for:

Oxygen or Carbon dioxide gases: _________

Simple diffusion

Front: State the transport mechanism for:

Lipid soluble drugs: _________

Simple diffusion

State the transport mechanism for:

Large polar proteins or carbohydrates: _________

Active transport (via Bulk/Vesicle transport)

State the transport mechanism for:

Ions like N+K+ _________

Active transport (via pumps)

Unlike Simple diffusion, Facilitated diffusion requires the help of a __________ for the transport process, though both are completely passive (require no energy).

Protein (Channel or Carrier)

Transporting molecules down their concentration gradient (high-to-low) using a protein that undergoes a conformational change (shape shift) is called

Facilitated diffusion using a Carrier protein

"I move molecules against their concentration gradient (low-to-high) by using ATP hydrolysis directly." What am I?

Primary active transport

"I move molecules uphill against their gradient by hitching a ride with a companion molecule moving downhill, using indirect energy." What am I?

Secondary active transport (Cotransport)

The Sodium-Potassium pump moves ions across the membrane based on an electrochemical gradient, meaning it accounts for both _________ and _________ differences.

Charge / Concentration

Because the Sodium-Potassium pump moves 3 $Na^+$ out and 2 $K^+$ in, traveling in opposite directions, it is classified as an __________.

Antiporter

When pancreatic cells use the endomembrane system to release insulin hormone bubbles outside the cell, what bulk transport process is being used?

Exocytosis

Solution A (0.2M solute) and Solution B (1M solute) are separated by a membrane impermeable to solutes. In which direction will water move?

From A to B (Water always diffuses toward the higher solute concentration to dilute it).

If human red blood cells are soaked in a hypertonic salt solution, what will happen to their shape?

They will shrivel (water rushes out toward the salt).

"We are the four elements that cooperate to let a plant cell maintain its rigid shape and turgidity in hypotonic conditions." What are we?

1. Cell membrane

2. Central Vacuole

3. Cell wall

4. Turgor pressure

What are the three specific types of cytoskeleton filaments found in animal cells?

Microtubules, Microfilaments, and Intermediate filaments.

Identify the monomer unit for each filament polymer:

• Microfilament: __________ monomers

• Microtubules: __________ tubulins

Actin / Alpha and beta

"I am the specific cytoskeleton element responsible for cell migration and amoeba movement." What am I?

Microfilament (Actin)

"I am the specific cytoskeleton element responsible for chromosome segregation during cell division, and I form the core of sperm cilia and flagella." What am I?

Microtubule

• Match the correct motor protein to its filament track:

  • Muscular contraction along Microfilaments: __________

  • Moving melanin granules along Microtubules: __________

Myosin only / Both Kinesin and Dynein

Microfilaments and Microtubules undergo "dynamic instability." Which end is their faster assembling/polymerizing end?

Plus end

A drug overdose destroys the cilia lining the upper respiratory tract. Which specific cytoskeleton element has been targeted and compromised?

Microtubules (since cilia are built from microtubules!)

"I am a transporter protein that moves only one single molecule in one direction across the membrane." What am I?

Uniporter

"I am a transporter protein that moves two different molecules at the same time in the exact same direction." What am I?

Symporter

"I am a transporter protein that moves two different molecules in opposite directions (one goes in, one goes out)." What am I?

Antiporter

Identify the organelle/structure:

"I am a selectively permeable barrier controlling what enters/leaves the cell." _________

cell membrane

What are the three primary roles of the Golgi apparatus?

1. It further modifies proteins and lipids produced by the ER.

2. It acts as a sorting station for proteins and lipids moving to their final destinations.

3. It is the major site where carbohydrates are added to proteins and lipids.