CHEM 1020 Final Exam Review: Fatty Acids and Sugars

Vocabulary-style flashcards covering lipid metabolism, radical oxidation, sugar chemistry, and amino acid structures from the CHEM 1020 practice exam notes.

Cis/trans configuration

The classification of $C=C$ double bonds based on the orientation of substituents; cis indicates groups on the same side, while trans indicates groups on opposite sides.

Hydrogenation

A reaction involving the addition of molecules of hydrogen ($H_2$) to the double bonds of a fatty acid in the presence of a suitable catalyst.

Iodine number

A chemical property of a fatty acid used to measure the degree of unsaturation (the number of double bonds) in the molecule.

Lipase

An enzyme responsible for metabolizing fats (triglycerides) into their constituents, specifically fatty acids and triglycerol.

Triglycerol

An alcohol also known as propane-1,2,3-triol that serves as the backbone for triglyceride formation through ester bonds with fatty acids.

Hydroperoxyl product

The substance formed at the end of a radical oxidation cycle of a polyunsaturated fatty acid in the presence of an oxygen molecule ($O_2$).

Hydroxyl radical

A highly reactive radical (\text{-O-H}ullet) that initiates the oxidation of fatty acids by abstracting specific hydrogen atoms.

Vitamin E

A molecule that functions by reacting with peroxy radicals formed during the radical oxidation of a triglyceride.

Cyclic hemiacetal

A ring structure formed in sugars when an internal hydroxyl group reacts with the carbonyl group within the same molecule.

Glycosylation

The reaction where an $OH$ group (such as in a flavanol) reacts with the hemiacetal $OH$ of glucose, beginning with the protonation of the hemiacetal group and loss of water to form a carbocation.

Acetal hydrolysis

A process in which water and a catalytic amount of acid ($H^+$) are used to break down an acetal back into its constituent alcohol and sugar (e.g., ethanol and glucose).

Maltose

A disaccharide composed of two glucose units that can be metabolized into two monosaccharides in the presence of trace acid and water.

Dipeptide

A molecule formed by the linkage of two amino acids, such as those formed between Leucine and Phenyl alanine.

PCC (Pyridinium chlorochromate)

An oxidizing agent or enzyme-equivalent used to react with alcohols ($OH$ groups) to form carbonyl groups.

Deca-cis-7-enoic acid

A specific fatty acid used in the synthesis of triglyceride molecules along with butanoic acid and triglycerol.