land reform & constitution

What is the primary goal of Land Reform?

Changing the physical ownership of the soil.

What is the primary goal of Agrarian Reform?

To ensure the land remains productive and that the farmer achieves economic independence.

What was the ownership system in the Ancient Era of the Philippines?

Communal ownership by the Barangay, consisting of 30-100 families.

What system grouped native families into pueblos during the Spanish Era?

The Pueblo System.

What was the impact of the Laws of the Indies during the Spanish Era?

It awarded vast tracts of land to the church and military, leading to landlessness among natives.

What was the Hacienda System during the Spanish Era?

An economic shift towards exports, turning landowners into tenants.

What was the Maura Law of 1894?

A law that allowed those with titles to claim unregistered land, disenfranchising illiterate farmers.

What was the significance of the peasants' revolution in 1896?

It expressed demands for agrarian reform and a just society due to abuse and exploitation.

What was introduced to solve land disputes during the American Era?

The Torrens System.

What did the Philippine Bill of 1902 limit?

Landholdings to 16 hectares for individuals and 1,024 hectares for corporations.

What was the Rice Share Tenancy Act of 1933?

The first attempt to regulate the 50-50 share system in agriculture.

What was the focus of Ramon Magsaysay's agrarian reform?

Protecting tenant rights and redistributing large estates.

What did Diosdado Macapagal's RA 3844 achieve?

Abolished share tenancy and established leasehold as a transition to ownership.

What was a key change introduced by Corazon Aquino's RA 6657 (CARP)?

It covered all agricultural lands regardless of crop and introduced support services.

What were the five major components of President Marcos' Agrarian Reform Program?

1. Land Tenure Program 2. Institutional Development 3. Physical Development 4. Agricultural Development 5. Human Resources.

Why was Marcos' agrarian reform program considered 'revolutionary'?

It was pursued under Martial Law for quick changes and was the only law in the Philippines done in handwriting.

What was the focus of the agrarian reform during the Ramos/Estrada/Arroyo administrations?

On Agrarian Reform Communities (ARCs) and joint ventures to enhance farm productivity.

What was the goal of Benigno Aquino III regarding land acquisition?

To streamline Land Acquisition and Distribution (LAD) and provide legal justice to farmers.

What was Rodrigo Duterte's approach to CARP?

To fast-track land distribution and promote support services for farmers' livelihoods.

What did Ferdinand Marcos Jr. focus on in agrarian reform?

Supporting farmers beyond land distribution, emphasizing modernizing agriculture for productivity.

What is the difference between Land Reform and Agrarian Reform?

Land Reform focuses on land redistribution, while Agrarian Reform includes land distribution and support services.

What was the role of women during the revolutionary highlights of 1896?

Women actively participated in planning and supporting revolutionary activities.

What was the impact of peasant uprisings in the 1920s-1930s?

They resulted in social unrest and instability due to landlord abuses.

What was the significance of the Communist Party of the Philippines?

It was formed in response to intensified calls for agrarian reform and social justice.

What was the historical context of land ownership before 1521 in the Philippines?

Land was communally owned and used for subsistence farming and local barter.

What was the economic focus during the Spanish Era?

The economy shifted to exports, particularly sugar and tobacco.

What is the definition of a constitution?

A constitution is a written instrument by which the fundamental powers of government are established, limited, and defined.

What is the etymology of the word 'constitution'?

The term comes from the Latin word 'CONSTITUO', meaning 'fixed', 'established', or 'settled'.

What is the role of the constitution in a state?

It serves as the supreme or fundamental law, binding to all citizens and government organs.

What does the constitution establish regarding government powers?

It prescribes the framework of government and assigns respective powers and duties to different branches.

What is the significance of the Preamble in the Philippine Constitution?

It establishes the basic principles on which the government is founded.

What rights does the constitution protect?

It is designed to preserve and protect the rights of citizens against the powers of the state.

When was the Constitution of Biak na Bato promulgated?

It was promulgated on November 1, 1897.

What was a key feature of the Constitution of Biak na Bato?

The supreme council was vested in the Republic, headed by a president and four department secretaries.

What is the significance of the Malolos Constitution?

It was the first important state document produced by the Filipino people through their representatives.

What rights did the Malolos Constitution provide?

It provided for national and individual rights for both Filipinos and foreigners.

What was established by the 1935 Constitution?

It established the Commonwealth Government and provided a Democratic and Republican Government.

What significant inclusion was made in the 1935 Constitution?

The inclusion of the Bill of Rights.

When was the 1973 Constitution ratified?

It was ratified on January 17, 1973.

What type of government was established by the 1973 Constitution?

It established a modified parliamentary government.

What was suspended under the 1973 Constitution?

The Bill of Rights was suspended.

What was a key feature of the 1987 Constitution?

It reinstated a Democratic Government.

What principle regarding religion does the 1987 Constitution uphold?

It upholds the separation of Church and State.

What does the 1987 Constitution state about sovereignty?

It states the sovereignty of the people.

What national policy does the 1987 Constitution renounce?

It renounces war as a national policy.

What does the 1987 Constitution establish regarding military authority?

It establishes the supremacy of civilian authority over the military.

What is the significance of the separation of powers in the 1987 Constitution?

It ensures that the powers of government are divided among different branches to prevent abuse.

What is the main purpose of a constitution in a state?

To provide a framework for governance and protect the rights of citizens.

What does the constitution serve as a test for?

It serves as a test of the legality of all governmental actions.