IU P225 Physiology Exam 4

skeletal pump

muscle contraction increases pressure in veins - blood pushed towards heart; one way valves prevent blood going to far during relaxation

respiratory pump - inspiration

diaphragm contracts, abdominal pressure increases & thoracic pressure decreases, blood moves towards heart; ; right SV up, left SV down

respiratory pump - expiration

diaphragm relaxes, abdominal pressure decreases & thoracic pressure increases, blood moves away from heart; right SV down, left SV up

antigens

proteins attached to cell surface; 100s of different antigens but two determine ABO blood type

antibodies

proteins in the plasma; bind to specific antigens

agglutination

clumping of red blood cells; antibodies bind to matching antigen on foreign RBC - clumps plug up small vessels

blood type A

A antigens, anti-B antibodies

blood type B

B antigens, anti-A antibodies

blood type AB

A and B antigens, no antobodies

blood type O

no antigens, anti-A and anti-B antibodies

rh positive blood

d antigens, no antibodies

rh negative blood

no antigens, possibly anti-D antibodies; need to be exposed to rh positive blood

rh factor and pregnancy

if mom rh negative and baby rh positive, blood can mix and cause mother to have positive antibodies; anti-D antibodies can attack baby's RBCs and cause anemia

blood type A+

can receive from: A+, A-, O+, O-

can donate to: A+, AB+

blood type A-

can receive from: A-, O-

can donate to: A+, A-, AB+, AB-

blood type B+

can receive from: B+, B-, O+, O-

can donate to: B+, AB+

blood type B-

can receive from: B-, O-

can donate to: B+, B-, AB+, AB-

blood type AB+

can receive from: A+, B+, AB+, O+, A-, B-, AB-, O-

can donate to: AB+

blood type AB-

can receive from: A-, B-, AB-, O-

can donate to: AB+, AB-

blood type O+

can receive from: O+, O-

can donate to: A+, B+, AB+, O+

blood type O-

can receive from O-

can donate to: all

general blood donation/receiving rules

negative can donate to positive, but cannot receive from positive; (-) can only receive from (-), but can donate to (+) and (-)

universal blood donor

type O- because no A, B or D antigens (antibodies won't attach)

universal blood recipient

type AB+ because no A, B or D antibodies (antigens won't activate any antibodies)

hemostasis steps

1. vascular spasm 2. platelet plug 3. coagulation

vascular spasm

vasoconstriction to prevent blood loss, allows vessel to undergo repair; "turn the water off"

platelet plug

von willebrand binds to collagen & makes platelets sticky, activated platelets release chemicals for adhesion; temporary fix "tie a rag around the pipe"

coagulation

clotting cascade activates factor X, activation of fibrin allows permanent clotting fix and blood flow returns to normal; "plumber fixes the pipe"

extrinsic clotting factors

caused by external trauma to vessel, triggered when blood escapes; occurs in seconds

intrinsic clotting factors

causes by internal trauma to vessel, activated by platelets, proteins, endothelium; occurs in several minutes

fibrinolysis

removal of clot; plasminogen converted to plasmin, plasmin breaks down the fibroin of clot

3 primary functions of respiratory system

1. gas exchange 2. acid-based balance 3. heat loss

ventilation

movement of air (between lungs and atmosphere)

pulmonary gas exchange

gas exchange at the lungs; occurs via diffusion

tissue gas exchange

gas exchange at the tissues, occurs via diffusion; oxygen enters at tissues, CO2 leaves at tissues

inspiration

movement of air into the lungs (inhale)

expiration

movement of air out of the lungs (exhale)

four pulmonary pressures

1. atmospheric 2. intra-alveolar 3. intra-pleural 4. trans-pulmonary

atmospheric pressure

pressure of the outside air; no change during inspiration/expiration

intra-alveolar pressure

pressure inside alveoli; decrease then increases during inspiration, increases then decreases during expiration

intra-pleural pressure

pressure inside pleural space; decreases during inspiration, increases during expiration

trans-pulmonary pressure

difference between intra-alveolar and intra-pleural pressure; increases during inspiration, decreases during expiration

airway radius on pulmonary ventilation

increased = easier to get air in/out

decreased = harder to get air in/out

natural tendency of ribs on pulmonary ventilation

natural to expand; makes easier to get air into lungs

natural tendency of lungs on pulmonary ventilation

natural to collapse; easier to get air out of lungs

surface tension on pulmonary ventilation

high tension counteracts compliance; increased = easier to get air out

surfactant on pulmonary ventilation

increased = easier to get air into lungs

compliance on pulmonary ventilation

increased = easier to get air in, harder to get air out

capacities

made up of two or more volumes

alveoli partial pressures

oxygen = 104mmHg

carbon dioxide = 40mmHg

arteries partial pressures

oxygen = 100mmHg

carbon dioxide = 40mmHg

veins partial pressures

oxygen = 40mmHg

carbon dioxide = 45mmHg

how would decrease in blood pH affect oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve and oxygen delivery to tissues?

shifts curve to the right; increases oxygen delivery to tissues

oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve

left = lock in lungs

right = release in tissues

main ways oxygen is transported in the blood

1. dissolved in plasma 2. bound to hemoglobin

oxygen and hemoglobin relationship

if no oxygen is bound, harder to bind; one oxygen binds, rest will follow; one oxygen leaves, all leave

oxyhemoglobin curve - left shift

cause: decreased acidity (increased pH), decreased CO2, decreased temp; effect: increased oxygen hemoglobin affinity, PO2 saturation increase

oxyhemoglobin curve - right shift

cause: increased acidity (decreased pH), increased CO2, increased temp;

effect: decreased oxygen hemoglobin affinity, PO2 saturation decrease

carbon dioxide transport methods

1. as bicarbonate 2. bound to hemoglobin 3. dissolved in plasma

carbon dioxide transport - tissues

diffuses into plasma and some onto RBCs --> CO2 & H2O use carbonic anhydrase to form carbonic acid --> breaks apart and forms H+ & bicarbonate --> H+ binds to hemoglobin --> bicarbonate leaves

carbon dioxide transport - alveoli

bicarbonate enters RBC --> combines w H+ to form carbonic acid --> breaks apart into CO2 & H2O --> CO2 breaks apart from hemoglobin --> CO2 diffuses into RBC, plasma and alveoli

reversible carbon dioxide transport equation

CO2 + H2O --> H2CO3 --> HCO3- + H+

pH and acidity

up acidity = down pH

down acidity = up pH

pH

measure of H+ concentration; as H+ increases, pH decreases; below 7.0 = acidic, above 7.0 means alkaline

carbon dioxide

weak acid; more CO2 = more acid = lower pH

bicarbonate

weak base; more bicarbonate = less acid = higher pH

diffusion of gas equation

(surface area x diffusion constant x change in P) / thickness

factors that affect rate of diffusion

pressure gradient, surface area, thickness, diffusion constant

alveolar ventilation

amount of air that undergoes gas exchange

purpose of cellular respiration

produce ATP

ventilation (V)

amount of air flow

perfusion (Q)

amount of blood flow

shunt

no airflow, yes blood flow (ratio = 0/1); results in decrease PAO2, increase PACO2

deadspace

yes airflow, no blood flow (ratio = 1/0); no effect on PAO2 and PACO2

minute ventilation

amount of air that moves in or out of lungs per minute; (respiratory rate x tidal volume)

alveolar ventilation

amount of air that undergoes gas exchange per minute; respiratory rate x (TV - deadspace volume)

deadspace ventilation

amount of air that does not undergo gas exchange per minute; (respiratory rate x veadspace volume)

central chemoreceptors

located in medulla; sense carbon dioxide (indirectly) and hydrogen ion (directly)

peripheral chemoreceptors

located in aortic arch and carotid sinus; sense oxygen (largest effect), carbon dioxide, and hydrogen ion

eupnea

normal quiet breathing; breathing to meet metabolic needs

hypernea

increased breathing to meet increased metabolic demand (exercise)

hypoventilation

breathing less than needed to meet metabolic demand; decrease oxygen, increase carbon dioxide

hyperventilation

breathing more than needed to meet metabolic demand; increase oxygen, decrease carbon dioxide

tachypnea

rapid, shallow breathing

apnea

no breathing

autoregulation

intrinsic control that maintains contact blood flow in response to pressure changes

urine formation processes

filtration, reabsorption, secretion

kidney functions

1. regulate extracellular ion concentration 2. long term BP regulation 3. excrete waste products (also produce hormones)

urinary system primary functions

1. removal of waste products 2. regulate fluid volume levels 3. regulate extracellular ion concentration

reabsorption

fluid moves from the nephron into the bloodstream

filtration

fluid moves from the glomerulus into the nephron

excretion formula

filtration - reabsorption + secretion

glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

volume of filtrate formed per minute (typically 120-125mL/min); nearly all reabsorbed

factors that affect GFR

net filtration pressure, filtration membrane permeability, total surface area, starling forces

glomerular hydrostatic pressure (Pg)

fluid moves out of glomerulus

bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure (Pbc)

fluid moves into glomerulus

glomerular oncotic pressure (πG)

fluid moves into glomerulus

bowman's capsule oncotic pressure (πBC)

fluid moves out of glomerulus; generally 0

bowman's capsule contains...

filtrate

glomerulus contains...

blood