Digestive System: Key Concepts and Structures for Biology

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Last updated 12:46 AM on 5/22/26
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40 Terms

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Peristalsis

Alternating muscle contractions that move food through the throat and digestive tract.

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Phases of swallowing

Oral phase, pharyngeal phase, and esophageal phase.

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Food clump in the mouth

Bolus.

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Food mixed with stomach juices

Chyme.

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Small intestine wall modifications

Villi and microvilli.

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Amylase digests

Carbohydrates.

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Pepsin digests

Protein.

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Appendix is attached to

Cecum.

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Muscles in the stomach

Longitudinal, circular, and oblique.

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Two movements of the large intestine

Haustral contraction/mass movements and peristalsis.

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Structure that produces bile

Liver.

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What bile emulsifies

Lipids.

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Accessory structure that introduces bile into the duodenum

Common bile duct.

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Passage of food

Mouth → pharynx → esophagus → stomach → small intestine → large intestine → rectum → anus.

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Soft palate attachment

Uvula.

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Flap that covers the windpipe

Epiglottis.

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Incisors

Bite/cut food.

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Canines

Pierce/tear food.

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Premolars

Chew food.

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Molars

Grind food.

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Baby teeth

20 teeth.

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Adult teeth

32 teeth.

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pH of the stomach

1-3.

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Four functions of the stomach

Mixes food, holds food, produces enzymes to break down food, and secretes mucus.

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Three parts of the small intestine

Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.

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Lipase digests

Lipids.

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Nucleases digest

Nucleic acids.

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Trypsin digests

Protein.

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Major functions of the large intestine

Absorption of water, holding bacteria, and storage of feces.

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Major functions of the small intestine

Breakdown and absorption of nutrients.

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Structure that stores bile

Gallbladder.

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Digestion

Breaks down nutrients.

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Metabolism

Uses nutrients to create energy.

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Alimentary canal

The GI tract.

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Accessory organs

Organs that help digestion but are not part of the GI tract.

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Purpose of the tongue

Mixes food side to side and helps with talking/speech.

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Mastication

Chewing.

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Three salivary glands

Sublingual, submandibular, and parotid.

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Purpose of saliva

Helps create a bolus, lubricates the mouth, and adds amylase.

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