GCSE Biology Paper One Summary

All life consists of __________.

Cells

Two types of cells are __________ and __________.

Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic

Eukaryotic cells are generally __________ and more __________.

Larger; complex

The __________ in eukaryotic cells houses their DNA.

Nucleus

Animal cells contain organelles such as __________, __________, and __________.

Nucleus; Cytoplasm; Mitochondria

The site of aerobic respiration in cells is the __________.

Mitochondria

Plant cells have a __________ cell wall made of cellulose.

Rigid

The __________ is involved in maintaining turgor pressure within plant cells.

Permanent Vacuole

Chloroplasts contain __________ and are the primary sites of __________.

Chlorophyll; Photosynthesis

Prokaryotic cells lack a true __________ and other membrane-bound organelles.

Nucleus

Bacterial cells have __________ DNA that floats freely in the cytoplasm.

Circular

Light microscopes can magnify images up to __________.

x2000

Electron microscopes use __________ for higher magnification.

Electrons

The magnification formula is __________.

Actual size / Image size

Cell differentiation is the process by which __________ develop into specialised cells.

Non-specialised cells

Sperm cells have a streamlined head for __________ movement.

Efficient

Nerve cells transmit __________ messages throughout the body.

Electrical

Root hair cells have long thin root hairs that increase their __________ area.

Surface

Phloem cells form phloem tubes to transport __________ and food substances.

Sugars

Chromosomes consist of tightly coiled __________.

DNA

Human body cells contain __________ chromosomes arranged in pairs.

46

The cell cycle produces two genetically identical __________ cells.

Diploid

Mitosis involves the alignment of replicated chromosomes at the __________ of the cell.

Centre

Stem cells can develop into various __________ types.

Cell

Embryonic stem cells are found in human __________.

Embryos

Adult stem cells are __________ in specific tissues.

Located

Transpiration is driven by water movement through __________ parts of the plant.

Aerial

The __________ is the primary site for glucose conversion during respiration.

Mitochondria

Bile produced by the liver __________ stomach acid.

Neutralises

Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria evolve to survive __________ treatment.

Antibiotic

Vaccinations help build immunity to __________ pathogens.

Specific

Fungi can be single-celled or __________ multicellular organisms.

Multicellular

Voice the function of guard cells in relation to stomata.

Regulate opening and closing of stomata.

Phloem transports sugars in __________ directions within the plant.

Both

CVDs stand for __________ diseases related to the circulatory system.

Cardiovascular

The heart has __________ chambers: two atria and two ventricles.

Four

Oxygenated blood is pumped to the body from the __________ side of the heart.

Left

Skin acts as a __________ barrier against pathogens.

Physical

Lymphocytes produce antibodies and memory cells that are essential for __________.

Immunity

Photosynthesis occurs mainly in the __________ of plant cells.

Chloroplasts

The word equation for photosynthesis is: Carbon dioxide + water → __________ + __________.

Glucose; Oxygen

Plants store glucose as __________ for energy.

Starch

Glucose is used to form __________ from glycerol and fatty acids.

Lipids

Cardiovascular Diseases can lead to __________ if untreated.

Heart attacks

Chloroplasts are the primary sites of __________ in plants.

Photosynthesis

The immune system includes __________ that engulf pathogens.

Phagocytes

Benign tumors are __________ whereas malignant tumors are cancerous.

Non-cancerous

The __________ is the organ that pumps blood throughout the body.

Heart

Human stem cells can be __________ or multipotent depending on their source.

Totipotent

Diffusion is the movement of particles from areas of __________ concentration.

High to low

Osmosis involves the movement of __________ across a semi-permeable membrane.

Water

Active transport requires __________ to move substances against a concentration gradient.

Energy

The human digestive system includes the __________ that breaks down food.

Stomach

Amylase breaks down starch into __________ in the mouth.

Glucose

The __________ absorbs the majority of nutrients from digested food.

Small intestine

Red blood cells contain _________ to transport oxygen.

Haemoglobin

Chloroplasts help in photosynthesis by absorbing __________ from sunlight.

Light energy

Digestion begins in the __________ where mechanical and chemical processes occur.

Mouth

Homeostasis is the process of maintaining a stable __________ environment within the body.

Internal

Guard cells become turgid to __________ the stomata when light is present.

Open

Transpiration is primarily driven by the evaporation of water from __________ surfaces.

Leaf

Chlorophyll captures __________ for photosynthesis in plants.

Light energy

Lactic acid is a byproduct of ______________ respiration during vigorous exercise.

Anaerobic

Light microscopes are __________ and easy to use for studying living specimens.

Affordable

Mitochondria are known as the __________ of the cell because they produce energy.

Powerhouses

Cilia in the air passages help to sweep __________ out of the respiratory system.

Mucus

The function of the liver in digestion includes producing __________ to aid fat digestion.

Bile

Obesity increases the risk of developing type 2 __________.

Diabetes

A __________ is a thin barrier that allows certain substances to pass through.

Partially permeable membrane

In hematology, platelets assist in __________ to stop bleeding.

Blood clotting

The __________ is a measure of the number of chromosomes in cells.

Chromosomal count

Cardiac muscle is __________ and involuntary, contracting automatically to pump blood.

Striated

The __________ is an example of a double circulatory system in humans.

Heart

Digestive enzymes such as lipase break down __________ into fatty acids and glycerol.

Lipids

Vaccination introduces a dead form of __________ to stimulate immunity.

Pathogens

Plant tissues are differentiated into xylem and __________ for function in transport.

Phloem

Good hygiene practices help prevent the __________ of communicable diseases.

Spread

Ultraviolet (UV) exposure is a risk factor for developing __________.

Skin cancer

Salmonella is a bacterial infection commonly spread through __________ food.

Contaminated

Healthy lifestyle choices are important to reduce __________ risk factors.

Disease

Energy in aerobic respiration is released in the __________ of glucose.

Oxidation

Photorespiration competes with normal __________, reducing efficiency.

Photosynthesis

Mainly, respiration takes place in the __________ of the cells.

Mitochondria

The purpose of the __________ is to transport blood throughout the body.

Circulatory system

Excessive alcohol consumption can lead to liver __________ and various cancers.

Disease

The upper epidermis of leaves protects and allows light to pass through for __________.

Photosynthesis

Growth factors can stimulate __________ in plant cells, affecting their function.

Cell division

The __________ is responsible for the removal of waste products in the body.

Excretory system

Coughing and sneezing can spread __________ through airborne droplets.

Viruses

The __________ makes green plant tissue through photosynthesis.

Chloroplasts

Skeletal tissues work with muscles to provide __________ and support for movement.

Structure

Animal fats are composed of __________ and glycerol in triglycerides.

Fatty acids

Apical dominance in plants is due to the influence of __________ exhibiting differential growth.

Hormones

Mutations in genes can lead to the __________ of certain traits against selective pressures.

Expression