Chemistry Unit 1 Test

For Loweke's students, by Adrian.

Adding/subtracting significant digits

Round to the least precise place value found in originals.

Beaker

A simple container used to hold and mix chemicals.

Bunsen burner

Produces a flame for heating substances during experiments.

Burette

Measures and dispenses precise amounts of liquid for titrations.

Chemical Properties

Characteristics that describe a substance's ability to undergo chemical changes.

Chromatography

Separates components based on their different movement through a stationary medium.

Compounds

Only one type of particle: molecules of different elements.

Condensation

The process of a gas turning into a liquid.

Critical point

When a substance cannot be distinguished between gas or liquid.

Crucible and cover

Heats small amounts of substances at high temperatures.

Crucible tongs

Safely handles hot crucibles or other heated items.

Crystallization

Separates a dissolved solid from a solution by cooling or evaporating the solvent to form crystals

Density

A ratio equal to mass divided by volume.

Deposition

The process where a gas changes directly into a solid.

Dimensional Analysis

Done by the fencepost method or fractions: use equivalent ratios to cancel and replace units.

Distillation

Separates components of a solution based on differences in boiling points.

Elements

Pure substances made of only one type of atom.

Erlenmeyer flask

Mixes and stores liquids, often used for titrations.

Evaporating dish

Evaporates excess solvent from a solution.

Evaporation

The process of a liquid turning into a gas.

Evaporation Method

Removes the liquid from a solution by heating, leaving the dissolved solid behind

Extensive Properties

Properties that depend on the amount of substance present (e.g., mass, volume).

Filtration

Separates solid particles from liquids or gases by passing the mixture through a filter

Freezing

The process of a liquid turning into a solid.

Funnel

Used for transferring liquids or fine-grained materials into containers.

Gas

Has neither a fixed shape nor volume, with particles spread far apart.

Goggles

Protects the eyes from chemical splashes or debris.

Golden rules of lab safety

Don’t play around; verify everything with instructor; hot and cold glass look the same.

Graduated cylinder

Measures the volume of liquids accurately.

Heterogeneous

A mixture with visibly different components or phases.

Homogeneous

A mixture with a uniform composition throughout.

Intensive Properties

Properties that do not depend on the amount of substance present (e.g., density, boiling point).

Interfaces of Matter

Boundaries where different phases meet in a heterogeneous mixture.

Lab apron

Protects clothing from chemical spills or splashes.

Liquid

Has a fixed volume but takes the shape of its container; particles are loosely packed.

Magnetic Separation

Uses a magnet to separate magnetic materials from non-magnetic ones. Think of sand and iron!

Melting

The process of a solid turning into a liquid.

Metric Length

Measured in terms of meters.

Metric Mass

Measured in terms of grams.

Metric Temperature

Measured in terms of kelvin.

Metric Time

Measured in terms of seconds.

Metric Volume

Measured in terms of liters.

Mixtures

Physical combinations of two or more particles.

Mortar and pestle

Grinds solids into powders for easier dissolution or reactions.

Multiplying/dividing significant digits

Round to the least number of significant digits found in originals.

Normal/standard pressure

1 atm

Phase change diagram

Models removal and addition of heat.

Phases of Matter

Components of a mixture

Physical Properties

Characteristics that can be observed or measured without changing the substance's composition.

Pipestem triangle

Supports a crucible during heating with a Bunsen burner.

Pipette

Transfers small volumes of liquid precisely.

Prefix: Micro (μ)

10^-6

Prefix: Nano

10^-9

Pure Substance

A material with a constant composition- the same everywhere.

Reading Instruments

Read one significant digit further.

Ring clamp

Used to support glassware, such as funnels or flasks, by attaching to a stand during experiments.

Rubber stopper

Seals flasks or test tubes to prevent spills or contamination.

Scoopula

Scoops and transfers small amounts of solid chemicals.

Showing a zero is significant

Decimal point; adding a line; scientific notation.

Significant digits

Nonzero digits; last digit a 0 preceded by a decimal; all zeros between significants.

Solid

Has a fixed volume with relatively rigid structure; particles compact.

Stand

Holds rings, clamps, and other equipment in place.

Stirring rod

Used to mix chemicals or solutions in a beaker or flask.

Sublimation

The process where a solid changes directly into a gas.

Test tube

Holds small amounts of substances for reactions or heating.

Test tube brush

Cleans the inside of test tubes effectively.

Test tube clamp

Holds test tubes securely on a stand.

Test tube holder

Safely holds a few test tubes during heating or reactions.

Test tube rack

Organizes and holds many test tubes upright.

Thermometer

Measures the temperature of liquids or gases.

Tongs

Used to hold or move hot glassware or other lab equipment. You wouldn’t wanna use your hands, would you?

Triple point

The temperature at which a substance can exist in all three forms.

Volumetric flask

Used to prepare solutions of precise volumes.

Watch glass

Holds small amounts of substances or covers beakers during reactions.

Water bottle

Rinses glassware and adds small amounts of water to reactions.

Well plate

Holds small samples for reactions or mixing on a micro scale.

Wire gauze

Supports glassware and distributes heat evenly during heating.