studying for ap hug because im not going to fail this final #academicweapon #yay!!!!

ethnicity

a group of people who share common cultural traits, such as language, religion, ancestry, or traditions; often tied to a place of origin.

race

a classification of people based on physical characteristics like skin colour, facial features, or hair texture; socially constructed rather than strictly biological.

nationality

the legal membership of a person in a country, often linked to citizenship and the political entity they belong to, regardless of ethnic of racial identity.

ethnic enclave

a small area, usually in a city, where a high concentration of a particular ethnic group lives and maintains its cultural identity, businesses, and social networks.

ethnoburb

a suburban area with a significant population of a specific ethnic group, often economically successful and culturally visible, but spread out rather than tightly clustered like an enclave.

ethnic cleansing

the systematic removal of an ethnic or religious group from a territory through forced migration, intimidation, or violence, often to create a more homogeneous population.

genocide

the deliberate and systematic killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic, racial, or religious group, with the intent to destroy that group.

ethnophobia

fear, hatred, or prejudice specifically toward people of a particular ethnic group.

xenophobia

fear, hatred, or prejudice toward people from other countries or perceived outsiders in general.

state

a political unit with a define territory, a permanent population, a government, and recognition of sovereignty by other states.

country

a politically organized territory with a permanent population, define borders, and sovereignty; often used interchangeably with "state."

microstate

a very small state in terms of both land area and population, often recognized as fully sovereign despite its size.

city-state

a sovereign state that consists of a single city and its surrounding territory, functioning independently with its own government and political systems.

nation

a group of people who share a common cultural identity, such as language, religion, ethnicity, or history, and often have a strong sense of unity.

nation-state

a state whose territory largely corresponds to a particular nation, meaning the political boundaries and cultural identity are mostly aligned.

self-determination

the right of a people or nation to govern themselves and make their own political decisions without external control.

multiethnic state

a state that contains more than one ethnic group, often with one dominant group but multiple minorities.

multinational state

a state that contains two or more nations (culturally distinct groups) that may have a history of self-determination or desire for political autonomy.

colony

a territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than fully independent, often settled or controlled by people from that state.

colonialism

the practice or policy of acquiring and maintaining colonies, usually for economic, political, or cultural dominance over the colonized territory.

democracy

a system of government in which citizens have the power to elect leaders and influence decisions, either directly or through representatives.

autocracy

a system of government in which a single person holds all political power, with little or no input from citizens.

anocracy

a government that is a mix of democratic and autocratic elements, often unstable and lacking full political participation or rule of law.

unitary state

a state governed as a single entity, where most political power is concentrated in a central government, with limited authority given to local governments.

federal state

a state where political power is divided between a central government and multiplied regional or local governments, each having some degree of autonomy.

weapon of mass destruction

a weapon capable of causing widespread death, destruction, and long-term damage, typically including nuclear, chemical, biological, and radiological weapons.

terrorism

the use of violence or the threat of violence by individuals or groups to create fear, often targeting civilians, to achieve political, religious, or ideological goals.

frontier

a zone or area where the territory of two or more states meets, often less define or sparsely populated, unlike a clear boundary line.

physical boundary

based on natural features like rivers, mountains, or deserts.

ethnic/cultural boundary

based on human traits like language, religion, or ethnicity.

geometric boundary

straight lines drawn on a map, often without regard to physical or cultural features.

gerrymandering

the manipulation of electoral district boundaries to favor a particular political party or group.

cracking

diving a group of voters among several districts so they can't form a majority anywhere, weakening their impact.

packing

putting a large group of voters into one district to limit their influence in other districts.

what are the five races that the U.S. census classifies people into?

1. white

2. african-american

3. american indian or alaska native

4. asian

5. native hawaiian or pacific islander

where are hispanics clustered in the united states?

the southwest.

where are asian americans clustered in the united states?

the west.

where are african americans clustered in the united states?

the southeast.

where are native americans clustered in the united states?

the southwest and north-central states.

how does brazil's census classify people?

by skin colour:

1. branco (white)

2. pardo (brown)

3. preto (black)

4. amarelo (yellow)

northen brazil has a high concentration of ____ people.

brown (pardo)

southern brazil has a high concentration of ____ people.

white (branco)

where do ethnic enclaves tend to be found?

they tend to be found in major cities such as new york, chicago, london, paris, etc.

what was the triangular slave trade?

a historical system during the 16th to 19th centuries connecting europe, africa, and the americas. europe sent manufactured goods to africa, africa sent enslaved people to the americas, and the americas sent raw materials like sugar, tobacco, and cotton back to europe.

forced migration

the compelled movement of people against their will, often due to conflict, slavery, or persecution.

intraregional migration

movement of people within the same region, such as enslaved africans being moved between plantations or colonies.

interregional migration

movement of people from one region to another, such as africans being transported across the atlantic to the americas.

racial segregation

the enforced or practiced separation or people based on race, often in housing, schools, transportation, or public spaces, limiting social and economic opportunities for certain racial groups.

dividing ethnicities

the separation or fragmentation of people into different groups based on ethnic identity, often leading to social, political, or geographic decisions.

true or false: ethnicity always corresponds to nationality.

false, ethnicity does not always correspond to nationality.

nationalism

loyalty and devotion to a nationality

balkanization

the process in which a region or state breaks into smaller, often hostile, political units along ethnic, cultural, or religious lines.

sovereignty

the authority of a state to govern itself and make its own laws without external interference.

how many levels of government does a state have?

two: a national government and a local government.

to whom do the vast majority of nuclear weapons belong to?

the united states and russia.

territorial waters

up to 12 nautical miles from a country's coast, where the state has full control over navigation, resources, and laws.

contiguous zone

up to 24 nautical miles from the coast, where a state can enforce laws related to customs, immigration, and pollution.

exclusive economic zone

up to 200 nautical miles from the coast, where a state has exclusive rights to explore and use marine resources like fishing and oil, though other countries can still pass through.

what does the law of the sea guarantee?

it guarantees countries different levels of control over the waters near their shores.

the five basic shapes countries can have

compact, elongated, prorupted, perforated, and fragmented.

compact state

roughly circular with distances from the center to the border being similar.

elongated state

long and narrow in shape.

fragmented state

made up of several disconnected pieces of territory.

prorupted state

has a main body with a narrow extension sticking out.

perforated state

completely surrounds another state.

states with veto power in the UN

the united states, the united kingdom, france, russia, and china.

when was the UN created?

after world war II

how many states are in the UN?

193 states

what is the goal of boko haram?

to overthrow nigeria's secular government and replace it with an islamic state ruled by its strict interpretation of sharia law while rejecting western education and values.

what is the goal of taliban?

to control afghanistan and enforce a strict interpretation of islamic law.

what is the goal of al qaeda?

to expel western influence from muslim countries and establish a global islamic caliphate.

what is the goal of islamic state (ISIS/ISIL)?

to create and expand a transnational islamic caliphate through extreme violence and territorial control.

what is a sovereign state?

a political entity with a defined territory, a permanent population, a government, and the full authority to make and enforce its own laws without outside control.

what was the 'seperate but equal' doctrine?

a legal principle in the united states that allowed racial segregation as long as the separate facilities for black and white people were supposedly equal in quality.