Bio Topic 1 -> CVD

What are risk factors linked to CVD

Diet, high bp, smoking,

How does diet affect CVD

Diet high in saturated fats increases blood cholesterol levels → increases risk of atheroma forming → atherosclerosis

How does high bp affected CVD

High bp → increased risk of endothelial damage → Atherosclerosis

How does smoking affect CVD

Carbon monoxide binds to haemoglobin in RBCs instead of Oxygen → less oxygen delivered to heart → Coronary heart muscle tissue contract with less force → can lead to heart attack

What makes data valid?

Large sample size + Repeats

Why do ppl underestimate the risk of CVD

• Risk factors dont cause immediate harm

• Lack of knowledge

What are the 4 ways of treating CVD

• Antihypertensives

• Statins

• Anticoagulants

• Platelet inhibtors

Antihypertensives pros and cons

Antihypertensives → lower bp → lower risk of endothelial damage → lower risk of atherosclerosis

Good

• Lower bp

Bad

• Sideffects → headaches

Statins pros and cons

Statins → Lower cholesterol → Block an enzyme in the liver used to make cholesterol → Lower LDL conc in blood → lower risk of atheroma forming → lower risk of atherosclerosis

Good

• Lower conc of LDLs → lower risk of atheroma forming

Bad

• Takes a long time to be effective

• Needs to be taken long term

Anticoagulants pros and cons

Anticoagulants → Reduces blood clotting by preventing platelets from clumping tg → lower risk of heart attack

Good

• Reduces risk of blood clots

Bad

• Excessive bleeding if injured

Platelet inhibtors pros and cons

Platelet inhibitors → Reduces blood clotting by preventing platelets from clumping tg → lower risk of heart attack

Good

• Reduces risk of blood clots

Bad

• Excessive bleeding if injured

What is an energy budget

Amount of energy taken in vs used

Consequences of an energy imbalance

Energy taken in > used → gain weight → over time leads to obesity

Energy taken in < used → lose weight