set 3 - 1750-1900

Enlightenment

An intellectual movement in Europe emphasizing reason, science, and individual rights as the foundation for government and society, challenging traditional authority like monarchies and churches.

John Locke

Enlightenment thinker who argued that governments exist to protect natural rights (life, liberty, property) and can be overthrown if they fail to do so.

Thomas Hobbes

Philosopher who believed humans are naturally selfish and require strong, centralized authority to maintain order.

Tabula Rasa

Locke’s idea that individuals are born as a 'blank slate' and shaped entirely by experience and education.

Philosophes

French Enlightenment writers and thinkers who promoted reason, criticism of authority, and reform of society.

Baron Montesquieu

Proposed separation of powers in government to prevent tyranny.

Voltaire

Critic of religious intolerance and advocate for freedom of speech and expression.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Argued that governments should reflect the 'general will' of the people.

Social Contract

The idea that governments gain authority through an agreement with the people they govern.

Natural Rights

Fundamental rights such as life, liberty, and property that governments must protect.

Separation of Powers

Division of government into branches to prevent concentration of power.

Deism

Belief in a creator who does not intervene in human affairs, popular among Enlightenment thinkers.

Thomas Paine

Revolutionary writer who argued for independence and democratic government.

Classical Liberalism

Political ideology promoting individual rights, democracy, and free markets.

Conservatism

Political belief emphasizing tradition, hierarchy, and gradual change.

Socialism

System advocating collective ownership or control of production to reduce inequality.

Fabian Society

A British socialist group advocating gradual reform rather than revolution.

Empiricism

The idea that knowledge comes from observation and experience.

Nationalism

A political ideology emphasizing loyalty and identity based on nationhood.

Feminism

Movement advocating equal rights and opportunities for women.

Mary Wollstonecraft

Early feminist thinker who argued for women’s education and equality.

Suffrage

The right to vote in political elections.

Adam Smith

Economist who argued for free markets and limited government intervention.

Laissez-faire

Economic policy of minimal government interference in business.

Capitalism

Economic system based on private ownership and profit.

Abolitionism

Movement to end slavery.

End of Serfdom

Decline of feudal labor systems in Europe.

Zionism

Movement supporting the creation of a Jewish homeland.

Theodor Herzl

Founder of modern political Zionism.

Anti-Semitism

Hostility or discrimination against Jewish people.

Dreyfus Affair

Political scandal in France that exposed deep anti-Semitism in Europe.

Self-Determination

The right of people to choose their own political status.

American Revolution

Colonial revolt against British rule inspired by Enlightenment ideas.

Declaration of Independence

Document declaring American colonies independent and based on natural rights.

French Revolution

Uprising against monarchy and inequality in France.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

French revolutionary document stating equality and liberty.

Liberté, égalité, fraternité

French revolutionary slogan meaning liberty, equality, fraternity.

Reign of Terror

Period of mass executions during the French Revolution.

Haitian Revolution

Successful slave revolt that created the first Black republic.

Toussaint L’Ouverture

Leader of the Haitian Revolution.

Maroons

Communities of escaped enslaved people resisting colonial control.

Jamaica Letter

Writing by Simón Bolívar outlining independence ideas.

Simón Bolívar

Leader of independence movements in northern South America.

Propaganda Movement

Reform movement in the Philippines calling for political change under Spanish rule.

Italian Unification

Process of merging Italian states into a single nation.

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Italian nationalist military leader.

German Unification

Process of uniting German states under Prussian leadership.

Realpolitik

Political strategy based on practical goals rather than ideology.

Otto von Bismarck

Prussian leader who engineered German unification.

Balkan Nationalism

Movement for independence among ethnic groups in the Balkans.

Ottomanism

Policy trying to unify diverse peoples in the Ottoman Empire.

Industrial Revolution

Transformation from hand production to machine-based manufacturing.

Industrialization

Process of developing industries and factories.

Second Agricultural Revolution

Improved farming methods that increased food supply and supported population growth.

Crop Rotation

Alternating crops to maintain soil fertility.

Seed Drill

Machine that planted seeds efficiently in rows.

Cottage Industry

Small-scale home production of goods.

Spinning Jenny

Machine that increased textile production.

Water Frame

Water-powered spinning machine used in factories.

James Hargreaves

Inventor of the spinning jenny.

Richard Arkwright

Developed water-powered textile machines.

Interchangeable Parts

Standardized components that made mass production possible.

Eli Whitney

Promoted interchangeable parts and cotton gin use.

Division of Labor

Splitting production into specialized tasks.

Specialization of Labor

Workers focusing on specific tasks to increase efficiency.

Assembly Line

Production system where products move through sequential steps.

Mass Production

Large-scale manufacturing of identical goods.

Raw Materials

Natural resources used in manufacturing.

Capital

Wealth used to invest in production.

Enclosure Movement

Privatization of common land in England.

Manchester

Major industrial city in England.

Liverpool

Major port city connected to industrial trade.

Human Capital

Skills and education of workers.

Trans-Siberian Railroad

Railway connecting European Russia to the Pacific.

Steam Engine

Machine powered by steam that drove industrial machinery and transportation.

James Watt

Improved the steam engine.

Coaling Stations

Locations where steamships refueled.

Second Industrial Revolution

Phase of industrialization involving steel, electricity, and chemicals.

Bessemer Process

Method for producing strong steel efficiently.

Internal Combustion Engine

Engine powered by fuel combustion, enabling automobiles.

Alexander Graham Bell

Inventor of the telephone.

Guglielmo Marconi

Pioneer of wireless communication (radio).

Transcontinental Railroad

Railway connecting coasts of continents, such as in the United States.

Muhammad Ali

Ruler of Egypt who modernized the military and economy.

Meiji Restoration

Japanese modernization movement restoring imperial rule.

Commodore Matthew Perry

US naval officer who forced Japan to open trade.

Defensive Modernization

Efforts by non-Western states to adopt Western technology.

Charter Oath

Document outlining Japan’s modernization goals.

Zaibatsu

Powerful Japanese industrial conglomerates.

Bushido

Japanese samurai code of honor adapted into modern nationalism.

Genro

Elder statesmen advising the Japanese emperor.

Corporations

Large business organizations owned by shareholders.

Stockholders

Individuals who own shares in companies.

Stock Market

System where company shares are bought and sold.

Monopoly