Fluid therapy

Name 5 indications for fluid therapy

Maintenance for a patient that is unable to drink
Replacing fluid loss and correcting dehydration
Providing circulatory support
Correcting perfusion deficits in hypovolaemia
Shock

Name 6 things that the body uses water for

Temperature control
Lubrication
Transportation
Electrolyte balancing
Digestion
Solvent

What are the two ways to assess hydration?

Clinical assessment
Laboratory analysis

Name 3 clinical signs of a patient with 0-5% dehydration

Depression
Thirsty
Concentrated urine

Name 3 clinical signs of a patient with 5-7% dehydration

Sunken eyes
Dry mucous membranes
Some tenting of the skin

Name 3 clinical signs of a patient with 7-10% dehydration

Prolonged skin tenting
Cold extremities
Weak but rapid pulse

Name 2 clinical signs of a patient with 10-12% dehydration

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Progressive shock

Name 2 clinical signs of a patient with 12-15% dehydration

Severe shock
Death imminent

How do you calculate the normal range of urine output for cats and dogs?

1-2 ml/kg/hour

Define crystalloids

A fluid type containing small solutes that readily cross semi-permeable membranes such as electrolytes, glucose, or lactate

Define isotonic fluid

Fluids with a similar solute concentration to plasma with no net movement of water across cell membranes

Define hypertonic fluid

Fluids with a higher solute concentration than plasma so water moves out of the cells by osmosis

Define hypotonic fluid

Fluid with a lower solute concentration than plasma so water moves into the cells by osmosis

How do you calculate maintenance fluid requirement?

50 x weight

How do you calculate fluid deficit?

% dehydration x 10 x weight

How do you total fluid requirement?

maintenance fluid + fluid deficit

How do you calculate total fluid administration rate in drops/min?

total fluid requirement / hours / 60 x drip factor

Name 10 things you should consider when checking the IV catheter

Firmness or swelling in the vein
Heat or pain in the vein
Discharge or bleeding from the catheter site
Vein patency
Catheter patency
Catheter damage
Leaks
Clots
Kinks or blockages in the giving set
Missing stay sutures, tape, or bandaging

Name 9 things you should monitor in a patient recieving IVFT

Demeanour
Temperature
Pulse rate
Pulse quality
Respiratory rate
Respiratory sounds
CRT
MM colour
Urine output

Name 7 times whole blood transfusions are indicated

Acute and severe blood loss
Anaemia
Hypovolaemia
Shock
Clotting disorders
Severe thrombocytopenia
Rodenticide ingestion

Name 3 times plasma transfusions are indicated

Albumin loss
Intravascular volume explansion
Clotting factor deficiencies

Name 2 consideration for administering blood transfusions

The transfusion should not exceed 20% of the total blood volume
Blood typing is ideal but not necessarily required for a first time transfusion

Name 8 signs that a patient is reacting to a blood transfusion

Tachycardia
Tachypnoeia
Fever
Emesis
Trembling
Restlessness
Urticaria
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