12 Chpater

Characteristics must be measurable in order to be

studied in a scientific way

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Freud’s model of the mind/personality

unconscious mind

thoughts ad feelings that fall under our threshold of awareness

id

unconscious motives, instinctual drives and needs as a component of personality

our id operates according to the

pleasure principle

pleasure principle

behavior is purely driven on what feels good, with no concern to others

ego

our conscious awareness of reality

ego follows the

reality principle

reality principle

indulging in needs or wants to keep id in check

superego

represents internalized cultural rules and ideals to guide our conciousness

superego operates at our

morel, subconscious, conscious, and preconscious levels

Freud saw humor as a way to

express our unconscious desires in an acceptable way

id operates only in

the unconscious

ego defense mechanisms

how our ego copes with conflict between the unconscious desires of the id and the moral constraints of society

according to anna freud, these ego defense mechanisms only work

unconciously

evidence for repression of memories is

little to none

people with pstd have a tendency to emotionally relieve than

remember traumatic events

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Allport’s theory of personality

To have a cardinal trait means to have a characteristic that

entirely dominates someone’s personality

In Allport’s framework, most people do not possess

cardinal traits

central traits

general traits we use to describe someone

secondary traits

traits that are only relevant in certain contexts

lexical hypothesis

assumes that any trait is a useful way to characterize an aspect of personality that should become a word

Raymond Cattall reduced Allport’s and Odbert’s 4500 traits to

35 words

Cattell quantified personality by having people

rate themselves on personality traits

Cattall used

factor analysis

factor analysis

taking a larger set of variables and grouping them into a smaller set of constructs based on how well they correlate together

Why was the lexical hypothesis ultimately replaced by models of personality based on factor analysis?

languages have too many interrelated words for describing personality

the five traits help predict

behavior and preformance

personality is not fixed by the end of childhood and continues to

grow across our lifespan (contradictory to freud’s beleifs)

we generally become

more positive and mature as we age

counseling or therapy can help people who suffer from

maladaptive daydreaming or mood disorders

interpersonal relatedness

empathizing social harmony and tradition (cultural context)

people in different countries score vastly different on

traits of extroversion and neuroticism

norms of regions within a country can vary dramatically causing

differing scoring on the big five

people who exhibit high levels of neuroticism, drop fewer clues about who they really are, making it harder to assess

their personalities

behavioral genetics

approach that statistically compares patterns in similarity in the behavioral or personability profiles of people who differ in genetic relatedness

twin studies are an important method for estimating the heritability of

personality traits

Dizygotic twins share only

50 percent of their genes

dizogotic twins are

no more genetically similar than any two biological siblings

a perfect correlation between monozygotic siblings is represented with

correlation coefficient r=1.0

people with high levels of agreeability tend to show

certain brain areas associated with empathy and understanding

conscientiousness

ability or orientation towards goal-related actions

people who score high on conscientiousness

have a larger middle frontal gyrus and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

personality neuroscientists are trying to correlate weather the Big Five Personality traits

correspond to specific parts of the brain

MRI scans are used to

assess the size of brain regons

Walter Mischel made the

social cognitive approach to personality

social cognitive approach to personality

Mischel pointed out that behaviors can be

context-spesfic

Walter Mischel claimed that people like to make up categories, so we tend to apply blanket labels like “extraversion,” even if those categorized as extraverted

do not resemble one another very much or behave consistently over time

Albert Bandura was apart of

a prominent cognitive revolution in the 1970s

in the 1970s, social learning theory went beyond

traditional learning theory (classical and operant conditioning)

Bandura suspected cognitions play an intermediatory role inbetween

context and behavior

Bandura made the concept of

Reciprocal Determinism

Reciprocal Determinism

cyclical process of personal and environmental factors influencing each other

Reciprocal Determinism says that accordioning to personality

we shape the environments we choose and the impact of those environments around us

Bandura studied aggression and made the

Bobo doll experiement

reciprocal is that preferences lead to choices that in turn

reinforce those preferences

self-efficacy

the belief you can preform the behavior

outcome effacicy

the belief you can do the behavior and achieve the desired outcome

Martin Seligman and Steve Maier made the

learned helplessness experiement

depressive realism

the painful awareness that personal limitations make us have no control on the outcome

sexual selection

evolutionary perspective about men and women having certain traits

women have higher levels of oxytocin

than men

social role theory

the roles we find ourselves in can shape our personality

humanist perspective

empathizes the importance of human’s nature in psychology

Carol Rodgers describes self-actualization in humanist psychology

to be the ultimate human goal

abraham marslow made the

heigharchy of basic human needs

self actualized people report having

peak experiences

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self-determination theory

self-actualization

the realization of one's full potential, creativity, and purpose while accepting themselves

self-concept

broad mental representations of self

the more a self concept is activated

the more likely it becomes schematic to you

sociometer theory

self-esteem is useful to gauge where you stand in society

terror mangagement theory

?

functional equivalence

functional equivalence

personality traits are unique to the person and not the situation

factor anaylsis

self perception occurs when

we evaluate ourselves by observing our current behavior

social comparison occurs when

we compare another person’s situation to our own

working self-concept

one’s sense of self in a spesific context

Outcome efficacy has more to do with whether you believe in the

effectiveness of a certain behavior

Experiencing flow is correlated with

self-actualization

Internal factors are how you interpret the

response from your enviorment

There is evidence to support both sociometer theory and terror management theory yet

no dominant perspective yet exists

physiologists say the superego

doesnt actually exist

Fusi-Form Face Area (FFA)

Part of the human visual system specialized for facial recognition

impression management

strategies used to influence others opinions of them

?

Impression management strategies

persona

a false image of ourselves to others to mask characteristics

children make sense of the world by learning

cause and effect

attribution

assignment of a causal explanation for an outcome

the function we use to make attributions happens

rather automatically

we also base attributions on whether it is caused by

events external or internal to the person

fundamental attribution error

attribute the cause of other people’s behavior to their character rather than situational context

we tend to make fundamental attribution errors when

the behavior is surprising or negative

affective forecasting error

peoples inability to correctly predict to how somebody may react emotionally to an event

when describing our own behavior, we tend to be

positively biased

?

How implicit/explicit attitudes affect voting behavior

Implicit attitudes are

our automatic responses to stimuli learned overtime