General Psychology Chapter 5-8

Define the process of learning

a systematic, relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience

what do environmental factors have to do with the principles of behavior?

Understanding the causes of behavior requires looking at the environmental factors that produce them (behaviorism)

understand the sequence that occurs in classical conditioning

Reflex: Automatic, without prior learning
- Unconditioned Stimulus (US) naturally or automatically triggers a response
- Unconditioned Response (UR) naturally occurring following a US.
Learning: Association, after pairing of stimuli
- Conditioned Stimulus (CS) was previously an unconditioned stimulus
- Conditioned Response (CR)

Know this about classical conditioning

neutral stimulus/ conditioned stimulus

Be sure you read and understand B.F. Skinner's mechanisms of learning among human and animals

Behaviorist that developed the theory of operant conditioning by training pigeons and rats (mechanisms of learning are the same for all species)

What does the term "shaping" mean with regard to desired behavior?

Rewarding successive approximations of a desired behavior.

Is "insight" considered a component of applied behavior analysis?

No

answer

observational learning

retention and motor reproduction are associated with what model of observational learning?

(Albert) Bandura's observational learning

What is latent learning?

Unreinforced learning that is not immediately reflected in behavior. learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it. "incidental learning" because it "just happens" as the result of an experient

with regard to memory, what does the term "encoding" mean?

The first step in memory; the process by which information gets into memory storage.

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin, what are the three components of memory?

1. Sensory memory
2. Short term memory
3.Long term memory

With what regard to memory are the acoustic code and rehearsal associated with the phonological loop or the amygdala

phonological loop

What are the functions of the explicit and implicit memory?

explicit memory: The conscious recollection of information, such as specific facts or events and, at least in humans, information that can be verbally communicated.
it can be further subdivided into episodic and sematic memory (has to do with remembering who, what, where, when, and why)
Implicit memory: Memory in which behavior is affected by prior experience without a conscious recollection of that experience.
includes the systems involved in procedural memory, classical conditioning, and priming (has to do with remembering how)

In what stage of memory retrieval does "priming" occur?

Implicit memory

What is an example of the flashbulb memory?

Flashbulb memory is the memory of emotionaly significant events that people recall more accurately and with vivid imagery. Ex: remembering where you were during 9/11

What does the term serial "serial position effect" describe in memory recall

The tendency to recall the items at the beginning and end of a list more readily than those in the middle.`

What is the different between retroactive interface and decay theory?

retroactive interference: Situation in which material that was learned later disrupts the retrieval of information that was learned earlier.
decay theory: Theory stating that when an individual learns something new, a neurochemical memory trace forms, but over time this trace disintegrates; suggests that the passage of time always increases forgetting.

What is the decay theory?

Theory stating that when an individual learns something new, a neurochemical memory trace forms, but over time this trace disintegrates; suggests that the passage of time always increases forgetting.

Is the term "use it or lose it" associated with memory and aging or transference?

Memory and aging

Does telepathy have anything to do with cognitive psychology?

no

What does the textbook say is the first step in the problem solving process?

Find and Frame problems. Recognizing a problem is the first step toward a solution. Finding and Framing involves asking questions in creative ways and "seeing" what others do not

Describe the process of deductive and inductive reasoning

Inductive reasoning- Involves reasoning from specific observations to make generalizations

Deductive reasoning- Reasoning from a specific cause that is known to be true from a specific instance

Describe the term "confirmation bias"

The tendency to search for and use information that supports your idea, rather than refutes them

How are problem solving and convergent thinking related?

Convergent thinking produces the SINGLE best solution to a problem.
They both involve creative thinking

Name two characteristics of critical thinking

-Mindfullness
-Open mindedness

With regard to tests, understand the concepts of both reliable and valid

Validity- the context in which a test measures what it is intended to measure. Or the soundness of conclusions that a researcher draws from an experiment.
Reliability- The extent in which a test yields a consistent, reproducible measure of performance

An organic intellectual disability is caused by what?

genetic disorder or brain damage

What does syntax mean?

A languages rules for combining words to form acceptable phrases

What was the work of Benjamin Whorf and what did his critics say?

He argued that language determines the way we think (linguistic relativity hypothesis).
His critics said that words merely reflect, rather than cause, the way we think.

What three variables do developmental psychologists study

Childhood
Adolescence
Adulthood
or
Nature, Nurture, & Development?

Human development is the product of what processes?

1. physical process
2.cognitive process
3. socioemotional process

In what week does the "neural tube" start to take shape

3rd week

What is the sequence of the stage of prenatal development

1. Germinal period
2. Embryonic period
3. Fetal Period

What does female sex organs and low levels of androgens have to do with each other?

According to Piaget, accommodation is recognized by what process?

Individuals change their schemas by in response to a new experience. In accommodation, new experiences lead to changes in existing schemas or even the development of new schemas.

At what level of moral development does the concept of punishment or reward occur?

preconventional

What does recent research say about prosocial behavior and parenting analysis

Warm, empathetic parenting positively predicts children's prosocial behavior. While rejecting and harsh parenting predicts lower prosocial behavior.
Prosocial behavior: Behavior that is intended to benefit other people

Who was Kubler-Ross and what did her work describe?

Pioneered psychology's interest in the process of dying in her seminal book On Death and Dying . identified the 5 progressive stage of coping with death:
1. Denial
2. Anger
3. Barganing
4. Depression
5. Acceptance

Whats does the work of George Bonanno describe?

The theory of grieving
1. Resilience
2. Recovery
3. Chronic dysfunction
4. Delayed grief or trama