bio eoc

What are the characteristics of life?

Made of cells, reproduce, grow/develop, use energy, respond to stimuli, maintain homeostasis, have DNA, adapt/evolve

What is homeostasis?

Maintaining stable internal conditions

What is a stimulus?

A change in the environment that causes a response

What are the 3 parts of Cell Theory?

1. All living things are made of cells 2. Cells are the basic unit of life 3. All cells come from preexisting cells

Smallest to largest levels of organization?

Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organism

Ecological organization from smallest to largest?

Organism → Population → Community → Ecosystem → Biome → Biosphere

What are the 4 major biomolecules?

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Function of carbohydrates?

Quick energy

Function of lipids?

Long-term energy storage, insulation, cell membranes

Function of proteins?

Structure, enzymes, transport

Function of nucleic acids?

Store genetic information (DNA/RNA)

What are enzymes?

Proteins that speed up chemical reactions

What is the substrate?

The substance an enzyme acts on

What affects enzyme activity?

Temperature, pH, concentration

What happens if an enzyme denatures?

It changes shape and stops working

Function of nucleus?

Controls cell activities; contains DNA

Function of mitochondria?

Produces ATP/energy

Function of ribosomes?

Protein synthesis

Function of cell membrane?

Controls what enters/leaves the cell

Function of chloroplast?

Photosynthesis

Function of vacuole?

Storage

Difference between plant and animal cells?

Plant cells have chloroplasts and cell walls

What is diffusion?

Movement from high to low concentration

What is osmosis?

Diffusion of water

What is active transport?

Movement against concentration gradient using energy

Difference between passive and active transport?

Passive = no energy; Active = requires energy

Equation for photosynthesis?

6CO2 + 6H2O + light → C6H12O6 + 6O2

Where does photosynthesis occur?

Chloroplasts

Equation for cellular respiration?

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

Where does cellular respiration occur?

Mitochondria

What is ATP?

Main energy source for cells

What does DNA stand for?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Shape of DNA?

Double helix

Base pairing rules?

A-T and C-G

What is a gene?

A segment of DNA that codes for a trait

Main stages of the cell cycle?

Interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis

What happens during interphase?

Cell grows and copies DNA

Purpose of mitosis?

Growth and repair

Phases of mitosis?

PMAT = Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

What happens in metaphase?

Chromosomes line up in the middle

Result of mitosis?

2 identical diploid cells

Purpose of meiosis?

Produces sex cells/gametes

Result of meiosis?

4 nonidentical haploid cells

What is crossing over?

Exchange of genetic material between chromosomes

Who is the Father of Genetics?

Gregor Mendel

What is a dominant allele?

Trait that masks another trait

What is a recessive allele?

Trait hidden by dominant allele

Homozygous vs heterozygous?

Homozygous = same alleles; Heterozygous = different alleles

Genotype vs phenotype?

Genotype = genetic makeup; Phenotype = physical appearance

What is incomplete dominance?

Blended trait

What is codominance?

Both traits fully expressed

Example of codominance?

AB blood type

What is transcription?

DNA → mRNA

What is translation?

mRNA → protein

Where are proteins made?

Ribosomes

What is a mutation?

Change in DNA sequence

Are all mutations harmful?

No, some are helpful or neutral

What is natural selection?

Organisms with beneficial traits survive and reproduce more

What is adaptation?

Trait that improves survival

What is evolution?

Change in populations over time

Evidence for evolution?

Fossils, homologous structures, DNA similarities

Who created modern taxonomy?

Carl Linnaeus

Levels of classification?

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Scientific name format?

Genus species

Types of microorganisms?

Bacteria, fungi, protists, viruses

Are viruses living?

Usually considered nonliving because they can't reproduce alone

Function of xylem?

Transports water

Function of phloem?

Transports sugars/food

Main plant organs?

Roots, stems, leaves

What is a producer?

Organism that makes its own food

What is a consumer?

Organism that eats others

What is a decomposer?

Breaks down dead organisms

Why do energy pyramids shrink upward?

Energy is lost as heat between trophic levels

About how much energy transfers to next level?

10%

What is primary succession?

Starts where no soil exists

What is secondary succession?

Starts where soil already exists

What is a pioneer species?

First organism to colonize an area

How is carbon returned to atmosphere?

Respiration, decomposition, combustion

Why is nitrogen fixation important?

Converts nitrogen into usable forms for plants

What is mutualism?

Both organisms benefit

What is commensalism?

One benefits, other unaffected

What is parasitism?

One benefits, other harmed

What is competition?

Organisms fighting for same resources

What are the 4 major biomolecules?

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Elements in carbohydrates?

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (CHO)

Elements in lipids?

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen (CHO)

Elements in proteins?

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen (CHON)

Elements in nucleic acids?

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus (CHONP)

Function of carbohydrates?

Quick energy

Function of lipids?

Long-term energy storage, insulation, cell membranes

Function of proteins?

Structure, enzymes, transport

Function of nucleic acids?

Store genetic information (DNA/RNA)

Monomer of carbohydrates?

Monosaccharides

Monomer of proteins?

Amino acids

Monomer of nucleic acids?

Nucleotides

What are enzymes?

Proteins that speed up chemical reactions

What is the substrate?

The substance an enzyme acts on

What affects enzyme activity?

Temperature, pH, concentration

What happens if an enzyme denatures?

It changes shape and stops working

What is osmosis?

Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane