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46 Terms
homologous chromosomes
two pairs of sister chromatids 1 from mom and 1 from dad
sister chromatids
Identical copies of a chromosome (DNA replication)
diploid number
two full sets of chromosomes 1 dad and 1 mom (23+23=46)
haploid number
1 set of chromones either mom or dad
Alleles
a specific version of a gene that can lead to different traits
centrosomes
attaches sister chromatids together
homozygous
having two identical alleles for a specific gene
heterozygous
having two different alleles for a specific gene
dominant allele
the allele that is expressed even when only one is present
recessive allele
the allele that can only be shown if both are present
genotype
the genetic code (not shown)
phenotype
the observable traits
P generation
the original parent-mom and dad
F1 generation
offsprings of P generation - me
F2 generation
offsprings of F1 generation - my kids
monohybrid
the genetic cross that studies the inheritance of a trait
complete dominance
when one allele masks the other
incomplete dominance
when both alleles are present and blend together
multiple alleles
when a gene has more than two different options
codominance
when both alleles a equally present
polygenic inheritance
a trait determined by multiple genes
gamete
sex cell
zygote
fertilized egg
x-linked traits
traits that are controlled by the X chromone
nucleotide
basic building block DNA and RNA
semiconservative replication
the way that DNA new strand keeps half of the OG
DNA polymerase
a enzyme that builds new DNA from pre-existing DNA
transcription
turning DNA into RNA
translation
turning RNA into proteins from ribosomes
codons
three letter sequence for MRna
RNA polymerase
a enzyme that turns DNA into RNA during transcription
introns
non-coding region removed later
exons
coding region kept for making proteins
anticodons
three letter sequence on the TRna
DNA replication
the process of the cell making an exact copie of its DNA
leading strand
a strand built continuously
lagging strand
strand built in segments
Okazaki fragments
individual pieces of the lagging strand
MRna
carries the RNA strand to the ribosome
TRNA
brings the correct amino acid to the ribosome
RRna
links amino acids together into polypetides
missense
if a amino acid is changed
nonsense
DNA change that makes the codon stop to early
silent
if a letter is changed but it stays the same amino acid
inversion
when a section of the chromosome flips around
translocation
when a piece of the chromosome attaches to a different chromosome