Grade 11 3U Biology Exam Prep

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering evolution, taxonomy, genetics, and human anatomy for the 3U Grade 11 biology exam.

Carl Linnaeus

The scientist responsible for the development of binomial nomenclature.

Binomial nomenclature

The proper format for a scientific name, consisting of two parts.

MRS. CHANa GREN

An acronym representing the characteristics of life used to classify living organisms.

Cell theory

A biological theory consisting of three statements regarding cells as the basic unit of life.

Prokaryotic cell

A type of cell, such as a bacterial cell, that lacks a membrane-bound nucleus and differs from eukaryotic cells.

Cladogram

A diagram used to show relationships and evolutionary history between groups of organisms.

Homologous

Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry.

Analogous

Structures that have similar functions but evolved independently.

Charles Darwin

The scientist known for the theory of evolution and natural selection.

Dichotomous key

A scientific tool used to identify organisms based on a series of choices between alternative characters.

Diffusion

The process by which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration, benefiting the body's systems.

Peristalsis

The wave-like muscular contractions that move food through the esophagus and digestive system.

Amylase

An enzyme used in the chemical digestion of starch into simpler sugars.

Pepsin

The active enzyme, formed from pepsinogen, that breaks down proteins in the stomach.

Lipase

The enzyme responsible for the chemical digestion of triglycerides (fats).

Bile

A substance produced to emulsify fats in the digestive system.

Bicarbonate

A substance used to neutralize acidic contents (such as HCl) in the digestive system.

Lacteal

A specialized structure involved in the absorption and transport of lipids through the lymph system.

Capillary

Small blood vessels where final substances from nutrient digestion are absorbed into the bloodstream.

Mitosis

The process of cell division that results in two genetically identical daughter cells.

Meiosis

The process of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell.

Punnett squares

A graphical tool used to solve genetics problems and predict the probability of genotypes and phenotypes.

Heterozygous

A genetic term describing an individual having two different alleles for a particular gene.

Karyotype

A visual display of the complete set of chromosomes, used to identify genders or disorders like Down syndrome.

Spermatogenesis

The biological process of producing mature sperm cells.

Oogenesis

The biological process of producing mature egg cells.

Total magnification

A calculation performed when using a microscope to determine how much larger an object appears.

Triglyceride

The specific form of fat found in meat and cheese used for energy and storage.

what is karyotype

a individuals complete set of chromosomes or a laboratory test that determines the number and structure of chromosomes

what are homologous chromosomes

Chromosomes that have the same size, shape, and genetic content, usually one inherited from each parent.

what is a gene

a sequence of nucleotides in a chromosomes that encodes a specific protein or trait.

what is a trait

features or characteristics determined by genes

what is a allele

version of a gene and trait (brown or blond hair)

what is a genotype

the genetic combination that makes phenotype (BB, Bb, bb)

what are hybrids

offspring of two different true breeding plants

what are the first plants being crossed called

the parental generation (P)

what is the first generation being crossed called

the first filial generation (F1)

what are monohybrid crosses

crosses between two organisms that differ in a single trait

the sex chromosomes

that determine an individual's sex, typically represented as XX for females and XY for males.

X is longer then Y chromosome and carries more genes.

Sex linked traits

genes mostly located on the X chromosomes

recesisive mutation

XX both need to presents

females carrying only one allele are known as carries of the trait but do not express it.

dominant mutation

Males affected by recesive x-linked traits more then females