history citizenship

Inalienable rights,

Fundamental rights that cannot be taken away, sold, or transferred

Interest group

A group that attempts to influence government policy and legislation

Thomas Stonewall Jackson

Confederate general, killed at Chancellorsville

Robert E Lee

Commander of the army of northern Virginia, Surrendered at Appomattox

Williamn Tecumseh Sherman

Led the march to the sea

Zachary Taylor

US-mexican war general, 12th president

Winfield Scott

Hero of the US mexican war Author of the Anaconda Plan at the start of the civil war

Nathanael Freene

Washingtons most trusted field commander in the south

Marquis de Lafayette

French aristocrat and Continental Army general

Clara Barton

Civil war Nurse, founder of the american red cross , she provided supplies and medical care on the front lines of the civil war

Horace Mann

‘‘Father of American public education’’, created free tax funded universal education, established teacher training and upgraded curriculum

Dorothea Dix

Reformer of mental health care and prisons

Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott

Organizers of Seneca Falls Convention,and leaders of the womens rights movement

William Lloyd Garrison

Editor of ‘‘The Liberator’’ Uncompromising Abolitionist

Frederick Douglass

Escaped slavery and become the leading african american abolitionist, advised lincoln

Roger Taney

5th chief justice, author of dred scott

John Marshall

4th chief Justice, established judicial review (marbury) Strengthened federal power, and defined the supreme court

Hiram Rhodes Revels,

The first African american senator, represented mississippi during the reconstruction era, he was republican

Jefferson Davis

President of the Confederacy

Thaddeus Stevens, and Charles Sumner

Radical Republican leaders in congress who drove reconstruction

Ulysses S Grant

18th president, Union commanding general, Supported reconstruction and civil rights before corruption effected his administration

Andrew Johnson

17th President, went against Radical Republicans over reconstruction, was impeached

Abraham Lincoln

16th President

Preserved the union, gave the Gettysburg address and the Emancipation Proclamation

John C Calhoun

Senator and theorist of Nullification and state rights, Defended Slavery

Daniel Webster

Senator and Orator, defended the Union and Supported the 1850 compromise, Defended the constitution

Henry Clay

‘‘ The Great Compromiser’’ helped create legislation like the Missouri Compromise and the Compromise of 1850

Andrew Jackson

7th president

Expanded democracy for white men

President who worked through the Nullification crisis, Indian Removal, and the Bank war

James Monroe

5th President

Enacted the Monroe Doctrine and was president during the era of good feelings

1st amendment

Freedom of religion, Speech, Press, Assembly and Petition

2nd amendment

Right to keep and bear arms

3rd amendment

Protection from quartering soldiers in private homes without consent

4th amendment

Protection from unreasonable search and seizures, requires warrants based on probable cause

5th amendment

Rights of the accused; no double jeopardy, self incrimination, due process, grand jury indictment, and just compensation for property taken

6th amendment

the right to a speedy, public trial by impartial jury, right to know charges, confront witnesses, and have legal council

7th amendment

Right to a jury trial in civil cases

8th amendment

protection from excessive bail, fines, and cruel and unusual punishment

9th amendment

Rights not listed in the constitution are still retained by the people

10th amendment

Powersnot given to the federal government are retained to the states, or the people

Bill of Rights

The first 10 amendments

selective service system

The civic duty for men 18-25 to register so they can be enlisted in national emergencies

Civic Duties

Legally required actions like following laws, paying taxes, registering for selective service, and serving on juries

Civic responsibilities

Actions that arent legally required but morally expected, like voting, staying informed, volunteering etc etc

Naturalization criteria

Atleast 18 years of age

Lawful permanent resident for atleast 5 years

Have good moral character

Read, write, and speak basic english

Pass a Civics test

Naturalization process

File form N-400

Submit Biometrics

Interview with a USCIS officer

Take a Civics test

Receive a decision from USCIS

Oath of Allegiance

Receive a Certificate of Naturalization

The Naturalization act of 1790

the first U.S. law to establish a naturalization process, limiting naturalization to white people with good character who had resided in the U.S. for two years.

14th amendment

Anyone born or naturalized is a US citizen, giving them equal protections, and inalienable rights

15th amendment

Protects peoples right to vote based on color, race, and previous enslavement

John Smith

‘‘mayor’’ of jamestown known for his strict leadership ‘‘ he who does not work does not eat’’ he also allegedly had a good relationship with the Pocahontas

William Bradford

Founder & governor of the Plymouth Colony for over 30 years, Helped create the Mayflower compact, and wrote ‘‘Of Plimoth Plantation’’

John Winthrop

The first governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, created the ‘‘ city upon the hill’’ sermon that crated a model of a puritan community, and oversaw the colony during the pequot war in 1637

Thomas Hooker

Founder of connecticut, an author of the ‘‘Fundamental Orders of Connecticut’’

Roger Williams

A puritan minister heavily supportive of the separation of the church and state along with religious freedom, he was exiled from colonial Massachusetts, and founded the colony of Rhode Island with democracy, Religious tolerance, and fair treatment of natives

Anne Hutchinson

A leader in Colonial Massachusetts, she challenged male dominated authority by hosting theology meetings, advocated for salvation through faith, which resulted in her banishment

William Penn

an English Quaker who founded the Province of Pennsylvania, as a sanctuary for religious freedom, helped establish a democratic government with individual liberties, including trial by jury and freedom of religion

Cecil Calvert

the first proprietor of the Province of Maryland, founder of Maryland oversaw it for 42 years, heavily invested in the colony, never visited maryland himself oversaw the ‘‘Maryland Toleration Act (1649)’’

Maryland Toleration Act (1649)

the first law in the American colonies mandating religious freedom

John Peter Zenger

a German-American printer and journalist known for his 1735 trial, a landmark case for freedom of the press, He was arrested for Seditious libel after criticized corrupt practices of British Colonial Governor William Cosby. 

Jonathan Edwards

a American theologian, pastor, and philosopher who led the 18th-century Great Awakening revival, his sermon "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God," and intellectual blending of Puritan Calvinism with Enlightenment thought

George Whitefield

an English Anglican evangelist and key founder of Methodism, best known as the most popular preacher of the 18th-century Great Awakening pioneering mass evangelism methods and strengthening inter-colonial religious life

Founding Fathers

George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and Benjamin Franklin

George Washington

founding father who Refused a third term, wrote Farewell Address (1796), the first president, and commander of the Continental Army

Thomas Jefferson

Founding Father who was the Principal author of the Declaration of independence, Founded the University of Virginia, Made the Louisiana Purchase, and supported ‘‘Virginia Statue for Religious Freedom’’

3rd president

John Adams

Founding father who defended soldiers accused of the boston massacre

2nd President

Avoided war with france

James Madison

Founding father who was the Principal author of The Bill of Rights, Co-Author of the Federalist Papers, the ‘‘Father of the Constitution ‘‘

4th president

was president through the war of 1812

Alexander Hamilton

Founding father who Wrote most of the essays in the Federalist Papers, Was the First Secretary of the Treasury

Benjamin Franklin

Founding Father who secured the French alliance, Published ‘‘Poor Richards Almanack

John Jay

First Chief Justice, Co-Author of The Federalist Papers, negotiator of Jays Treaty

George Mason

Principal Author of the Virginia Declaration of Rights, Refused to sign the constitution because it lacked a bill of rights

Abigail Adams

Modeled engaged political thought by women, urged her husband to ‘‘remember the ladies’’

Mercy Otis Warren

Wrote history, poetry, and political commentary in support of the revolution

Civil Disobedience

The act of nonviolently disobeying laws considered unjust, and accepted the legal consequences of doing so

Boston Tea party

Where the Sons of Liberty dumped tea into the boston harbor protesting the Tea act

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Wrote Uncle Toms Cabin

Sojourner Truth

Former enslaved woman held the ‘‘Aint I a Woman?’’ speech, abolitionist and womens right advocate

Harriet Tubman

Escaped from slavery and returned 13 times to lead 70 people to freedom. served as a union scout and nurse

Seneca Falls Convention

First womens rights convention in the US, the beginning of womens suffrage, organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott, Issued the Declaration of Sentiments

Susan B Anthony

Illegally voted in 1872 to protest the denial of womens suffrage

19th amendment (1920)

Prevents the government from denying citizens the right to vote based on sex

Abolitionist societies

organized groups in 1800-1900, advocating ending slavery through lobbying, publishing literature, and organizing public campaigns

Womens Rights organizations

Fought for gender equality, included groups like the suffragettes

Temperance Movement

A group that advocated for reducing or banning alcohol consumption

Labor Organizations

advocated for shorter workdays, better conditions, and better wages, includes early unions

Nativist groups

Groups that advocate for the interests of native or long term residents over those of immigrants

granger movement

A post civil war coalition attempting to boost farmers social educational, and economic conditions,

Zenger trial

A case that established the principle that true statements could not be punished as libel

Alien and Sedition Acts

Laws that made it a crime to post ‘‘ false scandalous and malicious writings about the government

Elijah Lovejoy

Abolitionist editor for a newspaper, murdered by a pro slavery mob in illinois 1837

Civil war censorship

Both union and Confederacy suppressed newspapers considers disloyal

Black Newspapers

gave freed people a voice and a vehicle for civil and equal rights advocacy

The Great Compromise (Connecticut Compromise 1787)

A compromise for larger and smaller states where the senate would have 2 members per state, and the house would be based on population

Three Fifths Compromise

A compromise where enslaved people counted as 3/5ths of a person for taxation and representation

Missouri Compromise

The compromise where Missouri was admitted as a slave state and Maine as a free state, slavery was also banned north of the 3630 line

Compromise of 1850

The compromise in which they abolished Slave trade, passed the Fugitive Slave Act, set California as a slave free state and popular sovereignty in utah and New Mexico territories

The Compromise of 1877

The compromise where the democrats accepted the republican president if they removed federal officers from the south

Nullification crisis Compromise

The compromise where they lowered tariff rates after south Carolina declared them null and they passed the Force Bill

The Force bill

The bill passed during the nullification crisis that allows the president to use military power to enforce legislation