A&P II Lecture Reproduction Quiz

A person with XX^SRY+ will develop

An epididymis

Which hormone stimulates repair of the endometrial lining by mitosis of epithelial cells?

Estrogen

Abortifacients include

Progesterone receptor antagonist and Prostaglandins

What duct carries semen during an ejaculation to the outside?

Urethra

Hormonal contraceptives (birth control pill, plan B, nuvaring, etc.) SECONDARILY prevent

Implantation

Which hormone causes the primary follicle to develop?

FSH

Milk is expelled from the breast due to this hormone

Oxytocin

Prolactin is a “natural” spacer of offspring because this lactation hormone inhibits _______ which then inhibits the menstrual cycle

GnRH

What thermoregulates the testes?

Pampiniform plexus, Cremaster muscle, Dartos muscle

Which of the following is NOT a secondary sex characteristic of females?

Development and enlargement of testes and penis

Which of the following demonstrates positive feedback during the menstrual cycle?

High levels of estrogen produce more FSH receptors on follicle cells which allows them to produce more estrogen

What extends from the uterus and opens as funnels close to the ovaries and is a site of fertilization/transport for the egg

Fallopian tubes/oviduct

Which stage of the sexual response happens directly before orgasm in females?

Plateau

In which sequence do hormones reach their maximum levels in the menstrual cycle?

FSH, estrogen, LH, progesterone

Which hormone is produced by cells in the embryonic gonads to develop them into testes and to initiate development of the epididymis, sperm duct, prostate, etc.

Testosterone

A person with XY^SRY- will develop

Ovaries

Which protein is produced by the SRY gene

Testis determining factor

Do the levels of FSH and progesterone increase or remain low during the first 5 days of the menstrual cycle?

Progesterone remains low but FSH increases

In the menstrual cycle, after ovulation, which hormone stimulates the wall of the follicle to develop to secrete progesterone?

LH

Which correctly describes the role of the epididymis in semen production?

Finishes maturation of sperm so they are capable of swimming

Where does fertilization occur?

Distal oviduct

Which hormone enhances glandular development within the already thickening endometrium

Progesterone

Milk sugars and fats are produced due to

Prolactin

Hormonal contraceptives (birth control pill, plan B, nuvaring, etc.) PRIMARILY prevent

Ovulation

What is delivered in the 3rd stage of childbirth?

Placenta

Which of the following is a muscular tube that can enlarge to allow entry of a penis and exit of a baby at birth?

Vagina

Which cell type helps spermatids form?

Sertoli

Which cell type produces progesterone?

Corpus luteal cells

Which cell type produces testosterone?

Leydig

Which of the following is a role of LH

Stimulates ovulation

Which of the following demonstrates negative feedback during the menstrual cycle?

High levels of estrogen eventually inhibit FSH

When does the second stage of childbirth end?

When the baby leaves the vagina

An XY human with a mutant version of androgen receptor will develop _________

Testes, breasts, and wider hips

What is a gamete?

A haploid sex cell (sperm or egg)

What is a zygote?

Diploid cell after fertilization

What are the primary sex organs?

Gonads (testes, ovaries)

What are the secondary sex organs?

Ducts, glands (uterus, vas deferens, etc.)

What are the secondary sex characteristics?

Traits after puberty (voice, breasts, hair, etc.)

What is the SRY gene

Found on Y chromosome, turns on testis determining factor

What is the male duct system

Wolffian ducts (vas deferens, epididymis)

What is the female duct system

Mullerian ducts (uterus, tubes)

What is Mullerian Inhibiting Factor/AMH (MIF)

Made by the Sertoli cells in the testes, destroys the mullerian ducts

What is homologous to the penis?

Clitoris

What is homologous to the scrotum

Labia majora

What is Cryptorchidism

Testes fail to descend into scrotum, causes infertility risk (too warm)

What is Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS)

XY genotype, SRY works so testes form, BUT the androgen receptor doesn’t work (internal testes, exteneral female appearance, no uterus)

What are Leydig cells

Synthesis and secretion of testosterone in response to stimulation by LH

What is the blood-testis barrier?

Protects sperm from immune system

What is the sperm pathway in order

Seminiferous tubule, efferent ductules, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra

What do the seminal vesicles do?

Produce fructose (energy) and prostaglandins

What does the prostate gland do?

Alkaline fluid and enzymes (PSA, clotting factor)

What does the bulbourethral gland do?

Lubricate (mucus)

Where does GnRH come from

Hypothalamus

Where does FSH and LH come from

Pituitary

Where does Testosterone and Inhibin come from?

Testes

What is DHT?

Converted from testosterone, responsible for external genitalia and facial hair

What does high testosterone do?

Inhibits GnRH/FSH/LH, which decreases sperm

What is the order of Spermatogenesis

Spermatogonium, primary spermatocyte, secondary spermatocyte, spermatid, sperm (1 cell equals 4 sperm)

What are the products of Meiosis

Creates 4 haploid, genetic variation

What are the products of Mitosis

2 identical diploid

What is the structure of sperm

Head has DNA and acrosome (enzymes), midpiece has mitochondria, tail has movement

How much semen is ejaculated

2-5 mL per ejaculate, 50-150 million

Which system stimulates erection?

Parasympathetic

What stimulates ejaculation?

Sympathetic

What is the order of sexual response

Excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution

What do the fimbriae of the oviduct/fallopian tube do?

Catch egg

What is the structure of the ovary

Cortex has follicles, and medulla has the blood vessels

What are the uterus layers

Perimetrium (outer), Myometrium (muscle), Endometrium (lining)

What does the external genitalia include?

Vulva, labia majora/minora, clitoris, mons pubis

What does GnRH do?

Causes the release of FSH and LH

What does Inhibin do

Block FSH

Which hormone is high during the follicular phase

Estrogen is high

Which hormone is high during the luteal phase

Progesterone is high

What are the menstrual phases

Menstrual, proliferative (estrogen), secretory (progesterone), premenstrual

What does hCG do during pregnancy

Maintains corpus luteum

What does Progesterone do during preganancy?

Maintains uterus

What does hCS do during pregnancy?

Fetal nutrition and insulin resistance

What are the labor stages

Dilation, baby delivered, placenta delivered