Rad Positioning and Radiologic Contrast Complete Reviewer

Upper limbs, Lower Limbs, Spine, Skull, and Contrast based procedures

In the anatomical position, which orientation of the palms is correct?

A. Facing backward

B. Facing forward

C. Facing medially

D. Facing downward

B.

The thumbs in anatomical position point:

A. Toward the body

B. Away from the body

C. Posteriorly

D. Inferiorly

B.

Which of the following is not part of the anatomical position?

A. Upright/erect posture

B. Toes pointing anteriorly

C. Arms flexed at elbows

D. Face directed forward

C.

During positioning, the lower limbs in anatomical position must be:

A. Flexed at the knees

B. Rotated laterally

C. Crossed at the ankles

D. Parallel to each other

D.

The face and eyes in anatomical position are directed:

A. Posteriorly

B. Inferiorly

C. Forward

D. Lateral

C.

The midsagittal plane divides the body into:

A. Equal anterior and posterior halves

B. Equal superior and inferior halves

C. Equal right and left halves

D. Unequal oblique sections

C.

The coronal plane separates the body into:

A. Right and left halves

B. Superior and inferior halves

C. Anterior and posterior halves

D. Oblique sections

C.

Which plane is also called the axial plane?

A. Sagittal

B. Coronal

C. Horizontal

D. Oblique

C.

The midcoronal plane is also referred to as:

A. Midaxillary plane

B. Median plane

C. Oblique plane

D. Transverse plane

A.

A radiograph taken at an angle between sagittal and coronal planes is described as:

A. Horizontal projection

B. Median projection

C. Axial projection

D. Oblique projection

D.

Which body plane is most often used in CT axial imaging?

A. Sagittal

B. Coronal

C. Horizontal

D. Oblique

C.

Which statement about the oblique plane is correct?

A. It divides the body into equal halves

B. It passes crosswise through the body

C. It is identical to the sagittal plane

D. It can pass at any angle between standard planes

D.

The interiliac plane transects the pelvis at the level of:

A. Second lumbar spinous process

B. Fourth lumbar spinous process

C. Fifth lumbar spinous process

D. Sacral promontory

B.

The interiliac plane is primarily used in positioning:

A. Cervical and thoracic spine

B. Cervicothoracic spine

C. Lumbar spine, sacrum, coccyx

D. Skull base

C.

The occlusal plane is formed by:

A. The biting surfaces of closed jaws

B. The infraorbitomeatal line

C. The midcoronal plane

D. The sagittal suture

A.

The occlusal plane is clinically important in positioning:

A. 5th lumbar vertebrae

B. Odontoid process and head projections

C. Sacrum and coccyx

D. Sternum

B.

The Frankfort horizontal plane corresponds to:

A. Reid’s baseline and infraorbitomeatal line (IOML)

B. Reid’s baseline and orbitomeatal line (OML)

C. Frank’s baseline and infraorbitomeatal line (IOML)

D. Frank’s baseline and orbitomeatal line (OML)

A.

The Frankfort horizontal plane is widely used in:

A. Chest and ribs radiography

B. Orthodontics and cranial topography

C. Lumbar spine imaging

D. Pelvic positioning

B.

The term anterior (ventral) refers to:

A. Back part of the body

B. Forward/front part of the body or organ

C. Superior surface of the foot

D. Inferior aspect of the skull

B

The term posterior (dorsal) refers to:

A. Back part of the body

B. Forward/front part of the body or organ

C. Superior surface of the foot

D. Inferior aspect of the skull

A.

The term caudad indicates:

A. Toward the head

B. Away from the head

C. Toward the anterior chest

D. Toward the posterior back

B.

The term cephalad indicates:

A. Toward the feet

B. Away from the head

C. Toward the anterior chest

D. Toward the posterior back

A.

In radiographic positioning, a central ray directed cephalad means:

A. Angled toward the feet

B. Angled toward the head

C. Angled posteriorly

D. Angled laterally

B.

In radiographic positioning, a central ray directed caudad means:

A. Angled toward the feet

B. Angled toward the head

C. Angled posteriorly

D. Angled laterally

A.

Superior refers to:

A. Away from the median plane

B. Toward the median plane

C. Nearer the feet or situated below

D. Nearer the head or situated above

D.

Inferior is best defined as:

A. Away from the median plane

B. Toward the median plane

C. Nearer the feet or situated below

D. Nearer the head or situated above

C.

The term central refers to:

A. Parts toward the median plane

B. Parts farthest from the point of attachment

C. Mid-area or main part of an organ

D. Parts outside an organ

C.

Peripheral structures are located:

A. At or near the surface, edge, or outside of another body part

B. Toward the head of the body

C. Within the mid-area of an organ

D. Far from the surface

A.

Medial indicates:

A. Nearer the point of attachment

B. Toward the median plane of the body

C. Away from the median plane of the body

D. Farther from the point of attachment

B.

Lateral refers to:

A. Toward the middle of another body part

B. Away from the median plane, to the right or left

C. Nearer the center of the body

D. Situated above the head

B.

Distal is defined as:

A. Parts nearer the point of attachment

B. Parts farthest from the point of attachment

C. Parts toward the median plane

D. Parts within an organ

B.

Proximal means:

A. Parts nearer the point of attachment

B. Parts farthest from the point of attachment

C. Parts toward the median plane

D. Parts within an organ

A.

Superficial structures are:

A. Far from the surface

B. Near the skin or surface

C. Within the mid-area of an organ

D. Directed toward the median plane

B.

Deep refers to:

A. Parts near the skin or surface

B. Parts toward the head

C. Parts outside an organ

D. Parts far from the surface

D.

External is defined as:

A. Parts outside an organ, on the outside of the body

B. Parts within an organ

C. Parts nearer the point of attachment

D. Parts directed toward the feet

A.

Internal refers to:

A. Parts outside the body

B. Parts at or near the surface

C. Parts within or inside an organ

D. Parts away from the median plane

C.

The term parietal refers to:

A. Covering of an organ

B. Posterior surface of the hand

C. Superior surface of the foot

D. Wall or lining of a body cavity

D.

The term visceral refers to:

A. Lining of a cavity wall

B. Covering of an organ

C. Mid-area of an organ

D. External surface of the body

B.

Ipsilateral means:

A. Away from the median plane

B. Toward the median plane

C. On the opposite side of the body

D. On the same side of the body

D.

Contralateral refers to::

A. Away from the median plane

B. Toward the median plane

C. On the opposite side of the body

D. On the same side of the body

C.

The term palmar (volar) refers to:

A. Sole of the foot

B. Palm of the hand

C. Posterior surface of the hand

D. Top surface of the foot

B.

The plantar surface is:

A. Palm of the hand

B. Sole of the foot

C. Dorsal surface of the foot

D. Posterior surface of the hand

C.

The dorsum of the hand refers to:

A. Palm surface

B. Posterior surface of the hand

C. Lateral surface of the hand

D. Anterior surface of the forearm

B.

The dorsum of the foot refers to:

A. Sole of the foot

B. Top/anterior surface of the foot

C. Posterior heel region

D. Plantar arch

B.

In radiographic positioning, a lesion described as parietal is located:

A. On the cavity wall or lining

B. On the organ covering

C. On the plantar surface

D. On the dorsal surface

A.

A fracture described as ipsilateral to the injury site means:

A. On the opposite side of the body

B. On the palmar surface of the hand

C. On the plantar surface of the foot

D. On the same side of the body

D.

A lesion described as contralateral to the pain site means:

A. On the opposite side of the body

B. On the same side of the body

C. On the dorsal surface of the hand

D. On the plantar surface of the foot

A.

In radiographic terminology, the palmar surface is synonymous with:

A. Volar surface of the hand

B. Plantar surface of the foot

C. Dorsal surface of the foot

D. Posterior surface of the hand

A.

A radiograph is defined as:

A. The physical film before processing

B. The central ray emitted from the tube

C. An image of anatomic parts produced by x-rays on an IR

D. The projection path of the x-ray beam

C.

The term x-ray film specifically refers to:

A. The processed radiographic image

B. The latent image stored before processing

C. The digital receptor used in CR/DR

D. The central portion of the x-ray beam

B.

The image receptor (IR) includes:

A. Film-screen cassettes only

B. Digital acquisition devices only

C. Both film-screen cassettes and digital acquisition devices

D. Fluoroscopic screens only

C.

The central ray (CR) is best described as:

A. The center-most portion with least divergence

B. The most divergent portion of the beam

C. The path of the sagittal plane

D. The projection opposite to the IR

B.

In radiographic terminology, projection refers to:

A. The patient’s physical position

B. The path of the central ray onto the IR

C. The view seen by the IR

D. The method developed by an individual

B.

Position is defined as:

A. The orientation of the central ray relative to the patient

B. The body part closest to the IR or general patient posture

C. The radiographic shadows projected onto the image receptor

D. The specific radiographic method or procedural technique used

B.

A view in radiography is:

A. Synonymous with projection

B. The central ray path through the body

C. The patient’s general posture

D. The image as seen by the IR, opposite of projection

D.

The relationship between view and projection is:

A. They are identical terms

B. They are exact opposites

C. They both describe patient position

D. They both describe IR type

B.

A specific projection developed by an individual, including CR and IR details, is called:

A. Position

B. Projection

C. View

D. Method

D.

Which of the following is not part of the definition of an image receptor?

A. Film-screen cassette

B. Digital acquisition device

C. Fluoroscopic screen

D. Latent image storage material

D.

A radiograph differs from x-ray film because:

A. Radiograph = processed image; film = latent storage material

B. Radiograph = latent storage material; film = processed image

C. Radiograph = IR; film = projection

D. Radiograph = patient position; film = method

A.

An anteroposterior (AP) projection means the central ray travels:

A. Anterior → posterior

B. Posterior → anterior

C. Inferior → superior

D. Superior → inferior

A.

A posteroanterior (PA) projection is defined as:

A. CR from anterior to posterior

B. CR from posterior to anterior

C. CR from lateral to medial

D. CR from superior to inferior

B.

In an AP oblique projection, the CR travels:

A. Posterior → anterior on an oblique body part

B. Lateral → medial on an oblique body part

C. Anterior → posterior on an oblique body part

D. Superior → inferior on an oblique body part

C.

A PA oblique projection is characterized by:

A. CR from anterior to posterior on oblique body part

B. CR from posterior to anterior on oblique body part

C. CR from lateral to medial on oblique body part

D. CR from superior to inferior on oblique body part

B.

Oblique projections can sometimes be achieved by:

A. Angling the CR diagonally along the horizontal plane

B. Rotating the patient only

C. Using lateral projections exclusively

D. Positioning the patient supine without rotation

A.

A lateral projection refers to CR traveling:

A. From anterior to posterior

B. From posterior to anterior

C. From one side of the body to the other

D. From superior to inferior

C.

The term lateromedial projection means:

A. CR enters lateral side, exits medial side

B. CR enters medial side, exits lateral side

C. CR enters anterior, exits posterior

D. CR enters posterior, exits anterior

A.

The term mediolateral projection indicates:

A. CR enters lateral side, exits medial side

B. CR enters medial side, exits lateral side

C. CR enters anterior, exits posterior

D. CR enters posterior, exits anterior

B.

The transthoracic projection is a unique lateral projection used for:

A. Skull radiography

B. Shoulder radiography

C. Lumbar spine radiography

D. Pelvic radiography

B.

Which projection is most commonly used for chest radiography to minimize magnification of the heart?

A. AP projection

B. Lateral projection

C. PA projection

D. AP oblique projection

C.

A PA oblique projection differs from a PA projection because:

A. The CR travels diagonally through an oblique body part

B. The CR travels superior to inferior

C. The CR travels lateral to medial

D. The CR travels anterior to posterior

A.

An axial projection is defined as:

A. Any CR angle of 5° or more along the long axis

B. Any CR angle of 10° or more along the long axis

C. Any CR angle of 15° or more along the the long axis

D. Any CR angle of 20° or more along the the long axis

B.

A cephalad angle refers to CR directed:

A. Away from the sagittal plane

B. Parallel to the coronal plane

C. Toward the feet

D. Toward the head end of the body

D.

A caudad angle refers to CR directed:

A. Toward the head end of the body

B. Parallel to the sagittal plane

C. Toward the feet or away from the head

D. Toward the median plane

C.

Which of the following best describes a tangential projection?

A. CR passes perpendicular to the long axis

B. CR passes diagonally through the coronal plane

C. CR enters anterior and exits posterior

D. CR skims a body part to project it in profile

D.

A complex projection is defined by:

A. Entrance and exit points only

B. CR relationship to the body only

C. Both entrance/exit points and CR relationship simultaneously

D. Patient position alone

C.

Which of the following is an example of a complex projection?

I. AP Axial Oblique

II. True AP projection

III. Axiolateral projection

IV. PA Axial

ㅤ

A. I, II, III

B. I, III, IV

C. II, III, IV

D. I, II, IV

B.

A true AP or PA projection requires CR orientation:

A. Perpendicular to coronal plane, parallel to sagittal plane

B. Perpendicular to sagittal plane, parallel to coronal plane

C. Parallel to transverse plane, perpendicular to sagittal plane

D. Parallel to normal plane, perpendicular to sagittal plane

A.

A true lateral projection requires CR orientation:

A. Perpendicular to coronal plane, parallel to sagittal plane

B. Perpendicular to sagittal plane, parallel to coronal plane

C. Parallel to transverse plane, perpendicular to sagittal plane

D. Parallel to normal plane, perpendicular to sagittal plane

D.

Which projection type emphasizes exact anatomic positioning?

A. Complex projection

B. Axial projection

C. Tangential projection

D. True projection

D.

In radiographic terminology, the term axial is reserved for CR angles:

A. 10° or more along the long axis

B. 15° or more along the long axis

C. 20° or more along the long axis

D. 30° or more along the long axis

A.

Which general body position describes a patient lying flat on their back?

A. Prone

B. Supine

C. Upright

D. Seated

B.

A patient positioned face down for a spinal procedure is in which position?

A. Prone

B. Supine

C. Recumbent

D. Fowler’s

A.

The term “recumbent” refers to:

A. Sitting upright on a stool

B. Standing erect

C. Supine with head elevated

D. Lying down in any position

D.

Which position is most appropriate for a chest radiograph requiring the diaphragm to be lowered?

A. Upright

B. Supine

C. Trendelenburg

D. Prone

A.

In Trendelenburg’s position, the patient is:

A. Supine with head tilted downward

B. Supine with head elevated 45°

C. Prone with feet elevated

D. Upright with knees flexed

A.

The patient is in supine position with the head higher than the feet. This describes:

A. Trendelenburg

B. Supine

C. Fowler’s

D. Lithotomy

C.

Which variation of Fowler’s position elevates the head of the bed at 15°-30°?

A. Low Fowler’s

B. Semi Fowler’s

C. Standard Fowler’s

D. High Fowler’s

A.

Which variation of Fowler’s position elevates the head of the bed at 30°-45°?

A. Low Fowler’s

B. Semi Fowler’s

C. Standard Fowler’s

D. High Fowler’s

B.

Which Fowler’s variation corresponds to a 45°-60° elevation of the head?

A. Low Fowler’s

B. Semi Fowler’s

C. Standard Fowler’s

D. High Fowler’s

C.

Which Fowler’s variation corresponds to a 60°-90° elevation of the head?

A. Low Fowler’s

B. Semi Fowler’s

C. Standard Fowler’s

D. High Fowler’s

D.

Sim’s position is best described as:

A. Supine with knees flexed

B. Recumbent on left anterior side with right knee flexed

C. Recumbent on right anterior side with left knee flexed

D. Prone with head tilted downward

B.

Lithotomy position involves:

A. Supine with knees and hips flexed, thighs abducted, supported by ankle supports

B. Supine with head elevated 45°, thighs abducted, supported by ankle supports

C. Prone with arms extended overhead

D. Prone with head elevated 45°, thighs abducted, with right knee flexed

A.

A true lateral position is defined as:

A. Body angled 45° to IR

B. Supine with head elevated

C. Prone with limbs rotated 20°

D. Body perpendicular (90°) to IR

D.

In lateral positioning, the specific lateral is named according to:

A. The side closest to the IR

B. The direction of the central ray

C. The orientation of the sagittal plane

D. The side farthest from the IR

A.

Which statement correctly defines an oblique position?

A. The body plane aligned strictly perpendicular to the image receptor

B. The body angled so neither sagittal nor coronal plane is perpendicular to the IR

C. The patient supine with the head tilted downward toward the table

D. The patient upright with both arms abducted away from the thorax

B.

In radiography, the term “decubitus” refers to:

A. Lying on a horizontal surface with CR horizontal

B. Standing upright with CR vertical

C. Supine with head elevated 45°

D. Prone with limbs rotated

A.

Which decubitus position demonstrates air-fluid levels in the abdomen best?

A. Dorsal decubitus

B. Ventral decubitus

C. Right or left lateral decubitus

D. Lordotic

C.

A dorsal decubitus position is described as:

A. Supine with CR horizontal, lateral projection

B. Prone with CR vertical, AP projection

C. Upright with CR angled

D. Supine with head tilted downward

A.

In a ventral decubitus position, the patient is lying:

A. On the back with CR horizontal

B. On the left side with CR vertical

C. On the abdomen with CR horizontal

D. Upright leaning backward

C.

The lordotic position is achieved by:

A. Patient lying prone with CR angled

B. Patient standing erect with arms abducted

C. Patient supine with head elevated 60-80°

D. Patient leaning backward so shoulders touch IR

D.