personality people quiz #6

william james

infant description (buzzing, blooming confusion)

fantz

studies childrens facial recognition

Barker

perinatal programming hypothesis

thomas, birch, chess

infant temprament - scientific american 1970

frued

infantile amnesia

pillemer, picariello, pruett

amnesia fire alarm study

mischel

marshmallow, self control study

john bowlby

• secure attachment babies much healthier

• the nature of childs tie to his mother

• at development disadvantage with unsecure mothers

• attachment theory

mary ainsworth

• patterns of attachment

• created a lab experiment to see if she can change attachment styles (strange situation)

plomin and deary

genetics and environment influence traits

traits are cause typically “by many genes of small effects”

hicks and collegues

four different environmental influences

1. antisocial peers

2. fewer social friends

3. poor parent child relationships

4. low academic engagement

higher risk of drug abuse in adolecents

erik erikson

8 stages of development

• 1-5: infancy to adolescense

  • trust v mistrust (withdrawal and depression)

  • autonomy vs shame (obsessiveness or defiance)

  • initiative v guilt (rebel and show off)

  • industry vs inferiority (inadequency and inferiority)

  • identity vs role conflict (postponing)

• 1-3: search for intimacy, generativity and integrity

melanie klein

infants may imagine multiple mothers, some good and bad → splitting

jerome kagan, nancy snidman and collegues

studies children from infancy to middle childhood, their physical, psychophysical and behavioral measures

rothbart and collegues

surgency (high activity level, smiling and laughing)

negative affect (distress in response to limits)

affiliation (calm orienting (attention) towards others)

henry harlow

child-parent bond

leichtman, wang, and collegues

found important differences between parental speech in different cultures

• american is more individualistic - personal needs

• asain cultures - more collectivist - respect others

O’Connor

studies the biological and adopted children of parents who divorced

child reacted to divorce with elevated psychological problems, increased substance abuse

lower achievement and poorer social skills

Harris

argued that friends, peer groups, schools are more independent of child development than parental influences

sir francis galton

first borns are more eminent than later born offpsrings

alfred adler

birth order theory

firstborns - more competitive seeking mastery and achievment

middle born - better relationships and health

eckstein and collegues

counted over 23 studies that support eh idea that first born children’s are higher in achievement than later born

frank sulloway

proposed an idea that siblings compete among one another for limited resources in family

firstborns are most likely to ally with their parents

regards only children as similar to first borns, authority, conservative views, society standards, status quo

later born - rebellious unorthodox

used the archival historical approach - first borns would support the status quo against darwins theory, later borns support it

later borns prefer more inovation (85%) vs first borns (50%)

phaulus, trapnell and chen

examined first born to later borns, within economic status and race

agreed with sulloways findings

diana baumrind

made two fundamental dimensions of parenting:

nurturance (degree to which parents supported and cared for and loved child)

control (degree to which parents influenced the child, what the child does, or total freedom)