Review for Test: World After Imperialism, China, the Fall of Communism

Palestine

region in Middle East claimed by both Arabs and Jews

Pakistan

separate state created for the Muslim poplulation of India

Kashmir

highly contested region on border of India

Tiananmen

square where dramatic student protests took place

Great Leap Forward

Mao's first reform plan; used collectivization of agriculture

Cultural Revolution

Mao's second reform plan; tried to eliminate Western/capitalist influence from China

glasnost

"openness"; Soviet reform plan to increase free speech

perestroika

"restructuring"; Soviet economic reforms

Chiang Kai-Shek

leader of the Nationalists during Chinese Civil War

Mohandas Gandhi

leader of the Indian Independence Movement

Mao Zedong

leader of the Communist Party during the Chinese Civil War

Deng Xiaoping

Chinese leader who sought to begin modernization

Lech Walesa

an electrician; later first democratically elected president of Poland

Vaclav Havel

an author; later first democratically elected of Czechoslovakia

Mikhail Gorbachev

reformist leader of the Soviet Union

Nikolai Ceausescu

dictator of Romania; used more force against revolutionaries

Reservation of Separate Amenities Act

law that segregated public facilities in South Africa

Group Areas Act

law that separate white and black neighborhoods in South Africa

Immorality Acts

law that banned sexual relations between the racial groups in South Africa

Population Registration Acts

law that forced South Africans to carry identity cards based on race

apartheid

"apartness"; South African segregation laws

satyagraha

"soul force"; an attitude needed to practice civil disobedience

intifada

"uprising"; refers to Palestinian protests against Israel

sepoy

an Indian soldier who worked for the British

What is the sacred city in Palestine?

Jeruslaem

To what three religions is Jerusalem sacred?

Judaism, Christianity, and Islam

What was the goal of the Crusades?

to take back the "Holy Land" from Muslim control

What country gained control of Palestine after WWI?

Great Britain

What was the goal of the Zionist Movement?

to create a home for Jews in Palestine

What did the Balfour Declaration state?

Britain's intent to create a national home for Jews in Palestine

What did the 1947 UN Resolution state?

the creation of a Jewish and Arab state in Palestine

What happened as a result of the Six Day War?

Israel won and occupied the West Bank, Gaza Strip, and the Sinai Peninsula

What country controlled India during colonial times?

Britain

What caused the “Sepoy Mutiny”?

greasing guns with cow fat (cows sacred to Hindus) and pig fat (pigs taboo to Muslims)

What group was formed to work for Indian Independence?

Indian National Congress

What group did Muslims form to represent India’s Muslims?

Muslim League

Who became the great leader of the Indian Independence Movement?

Mohandas Gandhi

What was the type of protest championed by Gandhi?

civil disobedience (not following a law that you consider unjust, regardless of the consequence)

What was the split that occurred in the Indian Independence Movement?

between the Hindu majority and Muslim minority

How did the British tried to solve the split in the Indian Independence movement?

by creating a separate Muslim state called Pakistan

In addition to the British, which people controlled South Africa?

the Dutch

What was the term for the white settlers of South Africa?

Afrikaaners

What were the four major racial groups of South Africa?

Afrikaaners, Blacks, Asians, and Coloureds

What was apartheid?

a series of laws segregating society

What organization was formed to protect the rights of Black South Africans?

African National Congress

Who became the great civil rights leader in South Africa?

Nelson Mandela

After his arrest and trial, what happened to Nelson Mandela?

he was sentenced to life in prison (served 27 years)

Who became the first democratically elected president of South Africa in 1994?

Nelson Mandela

Who won out and gained control of China in the Chinese Civil War?

the Communist Party under Mao Zedong

What was the goal of Mao’s Great Leap Forward?

to create a communist society by the collectivization of agriculture/refors of industry

What was the goal of the Cultural Revolution?

to eliminate any signs of Capitalism/western ideals from China

What was the reaction of the people to the Cultural Revolution?

anger and resentment

What were the four modernizations of Deng Xiaoping?

the Modernization of Agriculture, Industry, science/technology, and Defense

Where did protests take place in China in 1989?

Tiananmen Square

How did the Chinese government deal with the protests in Tiananmen Square?

violently crushed them

What type of government currently rules China?

a dictatorship under the sole control of the communist party

What was the Brezhnev Doctrine?

the Soviet Union will use military force to support communist governments in Easter Europe

What sorts of problems were facing the Soviet Union in the 1980s?

1.) shortages of goods 2.) lack of worker initiative 3.) high rates of alcoholism, drunkenness, and crime 4.) corruption in the communist party

What reformist came to power in the Soviet Union in 1985?

Mikhail Gorbachev

What was the goal of Perestroika?

economic restructuring; some free market reforms to address shortages of goods

What was the goal of glasnost?

to encourage free speech to try to revive people's spirits/keep government more honest

What type of agreements did U.S. president Ronald Reagan negotiate with the Soviet Union?

nuclear arms reduction treaties

What was Solidarity?

a Polish Labor Union; becomes the largest party when Poland has elections

What happened throughout Eastern Europe in 1989?

a series of relatively peaceful revolutions bringing down the communist satellite states