BIOL 252L Lab 1

Superior

Above, on top of (relative)

Inferior

Below, on bottom (relative)

Proximal

Structure is closer to the rest of the body (limbs)

Ex. Knee is proximal to the ankle and elbow is proximal to the wrist

Distal

Further away from the rest of the body (limbs)

Anterior

Towards the front (closer to front of body)

Posterior

Towards the back of the body

Dorsal

Towards the back (similar to posterior)

Ventral

Towards the front (similar to anterior)

Superficial

Further on the outside (layering), skin is superficial to the muscles

Deep

Deeper within the layers (lining of stomach is deep to its smooth muscle)

Medial

Towards the middle of the body

Lateral

Towards the outside of the body

Right

Only used when comparing two sides of the body

(don’t use when structures are on the same side)

Left

Only used when comparing two sides of the body

(don’t use when structures are on the same side)

Ipsilateral

Structures are on the same side of the body

Contralateral

Structures are on opposite sides of the body

Transverse plane

Divides into superior and inferior (horizontal on the body)

Frontal plane

Or coronal plane

Divides body into anterior and posterior

Saggital plane

*Called midsagittal if it is directly in the middle

Divides the body into left and right halves

Axillary

armpit

Brachial

upper arm

Cubital

elbow

Antebrachial

forearm

Carpal

wrist

Pollicis

thumb

Palmar

palm of the hand

Digital

finger

Inguinal

Groin

Gluteal

buttock

Femoral

thigh

Patellar

knee (front)

Popliteal

back of knee

Sural

lower leg

Tarsal

ankle

Calcaneal

heel

Plantar

bottom of foot

Hallucis

big toe

Cranial

head

Facial

face

Buccal

cheek

Cervical

neck

Pectoral

breast

Thoracic

chest

Abdominal

belly

Dorsal

back

Lumbar

lower back

Sacral

between buttocks

Perineal

space between genitals and anus

Dura mater

Arachnoid mater

Pia mater

Subarachnoid space

Central canal

Meninges

Epidural space

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Conus medullaris

Filum teminale

Dentriculate ligaments

Cauda equina

Spinal nerves

Anterior median fissure

White matter

Dorsal column

Lateral column

Ventral column

Corticospinal tract

Spinothalamic tract

Gray matter

Dorsal horn

Somatic sensory

Visceral sensory

Somatic motor

Visceral motor

Ventral horn

Lateral horn

Dermatome

C/T/L Spinal nerves

Dorsal root

Dorsal root ganglion

Ventral root

Dorsal ramus

Ventral ramus

Communicating rami

Sympathetic ganglion

Sympathetic chain

Intercoastal nerves

Cervical plexus

Brachial plexus

Lumbosacral plexus

Withdrawal reflex

Polysynaptic Reflex