Final Exam Study Guide: Health, Psychopathology, and Interpersonal Relations

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering the distinction between disease and illness, psychological health models, cultural syndromes, attraction theories, and intergroup relations based on the Chapter 11, 12, and 14 lecture notes.

Disease

The actual medical condition or biological problem in the body, such as diabetes, cancer, or heart disease, usually diagnosed by a doctor.

Illness

The personal and cultural experience of being sick, including how a person feels, explains, reacts to, and talks about their symptoms.

Acculturation

The process of adapting to a new culture; in the U.S., higher levels are often linked with an increased risk of obesity due to changes in diet and physical activity.

Body dissatisfaction

Feeling unhappy with one's body size, shape, weight, or appearance, often associated with low self-esteem and eating disorders.

Anorexia nervosa

An eating disorder characterized by extreme restriction of food, an intense fear of gaining weight, and a distorted body image.

Bulimia nervosa

An eating disorder involving binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors such as vomiting, fasting, or excessive exercise.

Binge-eating disorder

An eating disorder characterized by repeated episodes of binge eating without regular compensatory behaviors.

Subjective well-being

A measure of well-being that includes life satisfaction, positive emotions, low negative emotions, and a sense of meaning or purpose.

Primary appraisal

The cognitive process of deciding whether a situation is stressful, threatening, harmful, or challenging.

Secondary appraisal

The cognitive process of deciding whether one has the necessary resources to deal with a stressor.

Problem-focused coping

Coping strategies used when a stressor is perceived as changeable, focusing on solving the problem directly.

Emotion-focused coping

Coping strategies used when a stressor cannot be controlled, aimed at managing or regulating emotional reactions.

Western Biomedical Model

A health model that focuses exclusively on biological causes of illness, such as germs, genetics, and organs.

Biopsychosocial Model

A health model that focuses on the integration of biological, psychological, and social factors, including culture, family, and environment.

Independent self-construal

A self-understanding where individuals see themselves as separate and personally responsible for their own health and behaviors.

Interdependent self-construal

A self-understanding where individuals see themselves as connected to family and community, often considering others' opinions in health decisions.

Health disparities

Differences in health outcomes between groups shaped by social, economic, cultural, and systemic factors like income inequality and discrimination.

Optimism

The expectation that things can improve or problems can be handled, which is linked to better stress recovery and healthier habits.

Conscientiousness

A personality trait involving being responsible, organized, and disciplined; it protects health by supporting consistent healthy behavior.

Emotional fighters

People who respond to illness with determination, hope, resilience, and emotional strength while continuing to cope and function.

Cultural idioms of distress

The specific ways people express suffering within a culture, such as saying they have "nerves" or are "thinking too much."

Cultural concepts of distress

Broad cultural explanations and understandings for psychological suffering.

Equivalence

The concept that a test or assessment has the same meaning across different cultures.

Cultural syndromes

Patterns of symptoms that appear in specific cultural contexts, such as Ataque de nervios or Koro.

Ataque de nervios

A syndrome in Latin American and Caribbean cultures involving crying, shaking, or fainting, often following family stress or trauma.

Koro

A cultural syndrome involving the fear that the genitals are shrinking or disappearing into the body, often linked to shame or cultural fears.

Amok

A cultural syndrome characterized by sudden aggressive or violent outbursts, sometimes followed by exhaustion or memory loss.

Taijin kyofusho

A cultural syndrome involving a fear of offending or disturbing others through one's appearance, odor, or behavior.

Acculturative stress

Stress resulting from the process of adapting to a new culture, including language barriers and discrimination.

Immigrant paradox

The finding that some immigrants have better health outcomes than later generations despite having fewer resources.

Disclosure

The act of expressing or sharing emotions and stressful experiences, which is correlated with reduced stress and better physical health.

Need for affiliation

A personality-related motivation to seek support, friendship, love, bonding, and approval from others.

Mere exposure effect

The psychological phenomenon where repeated exposure to a person or stimulus increases a person's liking for it.

Halo effect

The cognitive bias where people assume that physically attractive individuals also possess other positive traits like intelligence or kindness.

Triangular Theory of Love

A theory describing love through three components: intimacy, passion, and commitment.

Consummate love

The ideal form of love in the Triangular Theory, which includes all three components: intimacy, passion, and commitment.

Secure attachment

An adult attachment style characterized by trust, emotional stability, and the ability to give and receive support.

Avoidant attachment

An adult attachment style characterized by a fear of intimacy, distrust, and emotional distancing during times of stress.

Ambivalent attachment

An adult attachment style characterized by insecurity, a fear of losing the relationship, and a strong need for constant reassurance.

Mate-poaching

The act of intentionally trying to attract or "steal" someone else's romantic partner.

Preoccupied romantic attachment

An attachment style where a person's sense of security is heavily dependent on their partner's approval and responsiveness.

Conformity

Changing one's behavior to match the actions or expectations of a group.

Compliance

Changing one's behavior because another person has directly asked or requested it.

Obedience

Changing one's behavior because an authority figure has given a direct order.

Social capital

The resources derived from interpersonal trust, civic engagement, and social-mindedness within a community.

Autostereotypes

Stereotypes that a cultural or social group holds about itself.

Ethnocentrism

The belief that one's own group, culture, or race is superior to all others.

Group narcissism

The belief that one's own group is superior, accompanied by the denial or ignoring of the group's negative qualities.

Infrahumanization

The process of dehumanizing out-groups by attributing animal-like qualities to them and viewing them as less than fully human.