Chapter 1 Short Answer Possible Questions Micro

What are Koch's Postulates

1. The same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease.

2. The pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture.

3. The pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when it is inoculated into a healthy, susceptible laboratory animal.

4. The pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be shown to be the original organism.

Spontaneous generation and experiments to prove it wrong

Spontaneous generation: Developed by Aristotle that under the right conditions there are vital forces in the atmosphere that can create living organisms

Redi disproved on a macrolevel by leaving 3 samples of meat out with different things covering them. Sample A was left out with no covering, Sample B was covered with a glass jar lid and Sample C was covered with cheese cloth

If vital force did exist then they should all have living organisms on them. Sample A did, Sample B did not and Sample C had organisms only growing on the cheese cloth

Pasteur: disproved on a microlevel with his swan flask experiment. Put broth inside separate flasks and boiled them to sterilize them. Put piece of cotton into each flasks mouth and put flasks in an incubator where no growth occurred. Growth only occurred when Pasteur broke the neck of the flask or mixed in dirt with the broth.

Holmes, Semmelweis and Lister's contribution to early medical microbiology

Holmes: Observed that mothers who gave birth at home contracted less infections than those who gave birth in the hospital

Semmelweis: Showed that women became infected in the maternity word after being treated by doctors who had worked in the autopsy rooms without washing their hands

Lister: First to develop antiseptic techniques like handwashing and misting ORs with antiseptic chemicals. Required all healthcare workers to wash hands between patients and ORs to be cleaned in antiseptic chemicals between patients

5 kingdom names and who established each

Plants - Darwin

Animals - Darwin

Protista (protozoa and algae) - Haeckel

Monera (archaea) - Haeckel

Fungi (mycetae) - Whittaker

Describe evolution of archaea bacteria and eukaryotes. Which came first and why do we think this? What happened to drive evolution here? Why did we go from 2 domains to 3?

Ancient cells lead to the evolution of archaea and bacteria. Archaea came first due to their ability to survive in harsh climates and not needing O2. Archaea evolved into eukaryotes as they have similarities in ribosomal RNA. Archaea evolved into eukaryotes due to the need for O2 in the atmosphere.